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Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 1999;16:S93-S96
© 1999 Elsevier Science NL

Tools for precision enhancement in minimally invasive cardiac surgery: three dimensional visualization, computer enhancement and robotics

Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, McGill University, The Montreal General Hospital, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Room L9-121, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1A4, Canada

^* Tel.: +1-514-934-8099; fax: +1-514-934-8235

This article is a current update of the rationale for development of new enabling technologies in minimally invasive cardiac surgery. Specifically the potential advantages of three dimensional visualization, computer enhancement technology and robotics in performance of totally endoscopic coronary artery bypass grafts will be addressed.

Key Words: Endoscopic surgery • Minimally invasive cardiac surgery • Endoscopic coronary bypass grafting • Robotic surgery