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Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2005;27:980-987
© 2005 Elsevier Science NL
a Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, 62-258 Center for the Health Sciences, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1701, USA
b Option of Bioengineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
Received 23 November 2004; accepted 20 January 2005.
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 310 206 1027; fax: +1 310 825 5895. (E-mail: gbuckberg{at}mednet.ucla.edu).
Objective: To mechanically test the intact cardiac structure to determine the sequence of contraction within the myocardial mass to try to explain ejection and suction. Methods: In 24 pigs (30–85kg), segment shortening at the site of sonomicrometer crystals was continuously recorded. The ECG evaluated rhythm, and Millar pressure transducers measured intraventricular pressure and dP/dt. Results: Study of segment shortening defined a sequence of contraction within the myocardial mass, starting at the free wall of the right ventricle and on the endocardial side of the antero-septal wall of the left. Crystal location defined underlying contractile trajectory; transverse in right ventricle followed by basal posterior left ventricle, and from the endocardial anterior wall to the posterior apical segment and finally to the epicardial side of the anterior wall. Mean shortening fraction averaged 18±3%, with endocardial exceeding epicardial shortening by 5±1%. Epicardial segment crystal displacement followed endocardial shortening by 82±23ms in the anterior wall, and finished 92±33ms after endocardial shortening stopped, time frame that matches the interval of fast drop of ventricular pressure and the start of suction. Conclusions: Crystal shortening fraction sequence followed the rope-like myocardial band model to contradict traditional thinking, with two starting points of excitation–contraction, the right anterior free wall of the right ventricle, and the endocardial side of the anterior wall. Active suction may be due to active shortening of the epicardial fibers of the anterior wall, because relaxation was not detected when both mitral and aortic valves were closed during the interval previously termed ‘isovolumetric relaxation’.
Key Words: Cardiac anatomy • Cardiac function • Ventricular structure • Helical heart
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