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Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2006;30:451-463
© 2006 Elsevier Science NL

Review

In vivo (animal) models of vein graft disease

Department of Cardiac Surgery, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria

Received 30 September 2005; received in revised form 2 May 2006; accepted 11 June 2006.

^_* Corresponding author. Address: Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria. Tel.: +43 5125040; fax: +43 51250422528. (Email: Thomas.Schachner{at}uibk.ac.at).

Despite the very important use of arterial bypass conduits, vein grafts remain one cornerstone in coronary surgery. Newer studies show a saphenous vein graft patency of about 60% at 10 years postoperatively. This article reviews the in vivo (animal) models of vein graft disease. According to the different models, the findings on pathology of graft thrombosis, neointimal hyperplasia, and vein graft atherosclerosis are summarized. Therapeutic strategies to prevent vein graft disease (including external stenting, pharmacotherapy, and gene therapy) are reviewed.

Abbreviations: ACE = angiotensin converting enzyme • apoE = apolipoprotein E • bFGF = basic fibroblast growth factor • BrdU = 5-bromo-2’-deoxyuridine • CABG = coronary artery bypass graft • cAMP = cyclic adenosine monophosphate • cdc2 kinase = cell division cycle 2 kinase • cGMP = cyclic guanosine monophosphate • CNP = C-type natriuretic peptide • ET = endothelin • ERK-1/2 = extracellular signal-regulated kinase • G-protein = guanine nucleotide binding protein • HVJ = hemagglutinating virus of Japan • ICAM-1 = intercellular adhesion molecule-1 • IL = interleukin • IGF-1 = insulin-like growth factor 1 • ITA = internal thoracic artery • JNK = c-jun N-terminal kinases • LTB4 = leukotriene B4 • MAPK = mitogen-activated protein kinases • MMP = matrix metalloproteinase • mRNA = messenger ribonucleic acid • NOS = nitric oxide synthase • ODN = oligodeoxynucleotide • PCNA = proliferating cell nuclear antigen • PCR = polymerase chain reaction • PDGF = platelet derived growth factor • PGI2 = prostacyclin • PKC = protein kinase C • RCA = right coronary artery • RITA = right internal thoracic artery • Sca-1 = stem cell antigen-1 • Sdi-1 = senescent cell-derived inhibitor 1 (=p21) • SMC = smooth muscle cell • SOD = superoxide dismutase • TEM = transmission electron microscopy • TIMP = tissue inhibitor of MMP • TUNEL = terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick end labelling • VCAM = vascular cell adhesion molecule • VSMC = vascular smooth muscle cell

Key Words: Vein graft • CABG • Atherosclerosis • Neointima • Neointimal hyperplasia • Bypass

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