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Improving the surgery for sigmoid achalasia: long-term results of a technical detail

^a Department of Surgery, Intensive Care, and Organ Transplantation, Division of Esophageal and Pulmonary Surgery Villa Maria Cecilia e San Pier Damiano Hospitals, Cotignola and Faenza (Ravenna), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
^b Doctorate in Pneumo-Cardio-Thoracic Sciences of Medical and Surgical Interest, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy

Received 4 June 2007; received in revised form 9 August 2007; accepted 3 September 2007.

^_* Corresponding author. Address: Università degli Studi di Bologna, Dipartimento di Discipline Chirurgiche, Rianimatorie e dei Trapianti, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy. Tel.: +39 051 6364870; fax: +39 051 347431. (Email: sandro.mattioli{at}unibo.it).

Objective: Heller myotomy results for the treatment of sigmoid achalasia are worse than those achieved for fusiform achalasia. We retrospectively examined two groups of sigmoid achalasia patients, in which we performed (1) the standard Heller–Dor procedure (no pull-down) and (2) the Heller–Dor plus a technique apt to obtain the verticality of the oesophageal axis (pull-down). We verified whether the latter technique improved long-term results. Materials and methods: We considered 33 patients affected by primitive oesophageal sigmoid achalasia operated upon consecutively (1979–2005). Diagnosis was based on symptoms, manometry, radiology and endoscopy. After 1987, we routinely isolated 360° of the gastro-oesophageal junction and the lower oesophagus and applied U stitches at the right side of the lower oesophagus to pull down and rotate the gastro-oesophageal junction toward the right. Fifteen patients underwent the no pull-down and 18 patients underwent the pull-down technique. Postoperative follow-up included objective clinical and instrumental evaluation (questionnaire filled by a surgeon including the assessment of symptoms and endoscopic reflux oesophagitis according to a semi-quantitative scale) and subjective evaluation (self-evaluation SF-36 questionnaire). Results: The mean follow-up period was 89 months (range 12–261 months). The postoperative dysphagia score was significantly improved in the entire group. Excellent results were present in 12 patients (36.4%), good in 11 (33.3%), fair in 3 (9.1%) and insufficient in 7 patients (21.2%). No statistically significant differences were observed between the two groups with regard to the postoperative symptoms and oesophagitis. Postoperative radiological measurements of oesophageal diameter and residual barium column were significantly improved in the whole group and within each group with respect to the radiological variables measured preoperatively (p = 0.000). In the comparison of the two groups, statistically significant differences were observed with regard to mean oesophageal diameter (p = 0.030) (pull-down, 4 ± 0.9 cm; no pull-down, 4.7 ± 0.6 cm) and residual barium column (p = 0.048) (pull-down, 6.2 ± 3.4 cm; no pull-down, 9.6 ± 5.8 cm). Conclusions: The Heller–Dor operation is effective in the presence of sigmoid achalasia. The clinical objective and subjective evaluations show a trend toward the improvement of results with the pull-down technique. Stronger statistical significance would probably be obtained from a larger case series.

Key Words: Oesophagus • Achalasia • Oesophageal benign diseases • Oesophageal motility • Oesophageal surgery