HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS		QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced] Author: Keyword(s): Year:  Vol:  Page:

This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Add to Personal Folders Download to citation manager Author home page(s): John W. Brown Mark Ruzmetov Yuji Okada Palaniswamy Vijay Mark D. Rodefeld Mark W. Turrentine Permission Requests Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Brown, J. W. Articles by Turrentine, M. W. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Brown, J. W. Articles by Turrentine, M. W. Related Collections Congenital - acyanotic

Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2006;29:666-673
© 2006 Elsevier Science NL

Outcomes in patients with interrupted aortic arch and associated anomalies: a 20-year experience

Section of Cardiothoracic Surgery, James W. Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University School of Medicine, 545 Barnhill Dr., EH 215, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5123, USA

Received 16 November 2005; received in revised form 23 January 2006; accepted 30 January 2006.

^_* Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 317 274 7150; fax: +1 317 274 2940. (Email: jobrown{at}iupui.edu).

	Abstract

Top Abstract 1. Introduction 2. Materials and methods 3. Results 4. Discussion References

 
Objective: The surgical results for the repair of interrupted aortic arch (IAA) have evolved in recent years. We report our results for staged repair of this complex congenital malformation. Methods: Sixty-five patients (mean age, 16.9 ± 41.7 days) were diagnosed with IAA and referred for surgical therapy. The surgical management strategy at our institution between 1982 and 2005 has been one-stage complete repair (n = 13) or staged repair (n = 52) in selected patients. Non-complex patients (group I, n = 51) had a ventricular septal defect (87%), aortopulmonary window (8%), and left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (27%). Group II (n = 14) were patients with Taussig–Bing double outlet right ventricle (n = 6) or truncus arteriosus (n = 8). Method of staged repair of IAA was to transect and turn down the left carotid artery and anastomosis it to the descending aorta (n = 41) or graft interposition (n = 2) combined with a pulmonary artery (PA) banding followed in a few months by delayed ventricular septal defect (VSD) closure and PA de-banding. Results: There were 5 early and 10 late deaths. The actuarial survival including early mortality was 92% at 1 year, 81% at 5 years, and 76% at 10 and 15 years. There was an 81% 15-year survival for children in group I compared with a 54% for children in group II (p < 0.001). Risk factors for increased mortality by univariate analysis were as follows: (1) primary aortic anastomosis (p = 0.03), (2) presence of complex anomalies (p = 0.05), and (3) initial IAA repair performed before 1994 (p = 0.05). Actuarial freedom from any type of aortic reoperation or intervention was 86% at 1 year, 69% at 5 years, and 60% at 10 and 15 years. Univariate and multivariate analyses identified no tested variables as risk factors for reoperation. The majority (86%) was in New York Heart Association (NYHA) class I, and 14% remained in NYHA class II. During the postoperative course there were no neurologic deficits, seizures, and growth disturbances in any patient. Conclusion: Staged repair of IAA using a left carotid artery turn down can be safely applied in IAA patients with and without other intracardiac anomalies with good results. Use of the left carotid artery for arch reconstruction did not result in any detectable neurological events or growth disturbances later in life. Associated anomalies played an important role in outcomes. The long-term probability for reoperation and/or reintervention remains high regardless of operative technique.

Key Words: Congenital heart disease • Surgery • Aortic valve

	1. Introduction

Top Abstract 1. Introduction 2. Materials and methods 3. Results 4. Discussion References

 
Interrupted aortic arch (IAA) is an uncommon congenital cardiovascular malformation characterized by the lack of continuity between the ascending and descending thoracic aorta as described by Steidele in 1778 [1]. If IAA is untreated, the median age at death is 4–10 days, usually following physiological closure of the ductus arteriosus [2].

IAA may be associated with a variety of other more complex cardiovascular anomalies, such as truncus arteriosus, aortopulmonary window, double-outlet right ventricle, and transposition of the great arteries. Obstruction or hypoplasia of the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) is also common. DiGeorge syndrome occurs in more than 25% of these patients.

During the last several years, results of both the one-stage and two-stage repairs of IAA have improved, and the early mortality in some centers approached 10% [3–5]. The long-term outcomes of survivors after one-stage or staged approaches have not been extensively reported. A high rate of development of restenosis at the site of aortic anastomosis, left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO) and left bronchial compression have been reported [3,4,6,7]. Other residual lesions and non-cardiac complications have been described that often require reoperation and represent a risk of late mortality [2,5,8–10].

The long-term results comparing complete repair versus staged correction has not been reported. Our philosophy has advocated staged repair of IAA when possible, especially in the presence of complex-associated cardiac anomalies. In this report, we review our 20-year experience comparing staged with primary total correction of interrupted aortic arch.

	2. Materials and methods

Top Abstract 1. Introduction 2. Materials and methods 3. Results 4. Discussion References

 
2.1 Patients
Between November 1982 and July 2005, 65 consecutive neonates with diagnosis of IAA and ventricular anatomy amenable to biventricular repair underwent operation at the James Whitcomb Riley Hospital for Children in Indianapolis, IN, USA. We reviewed the medical records with regard to the initial clinical features, pathophysiological findings, surgical treatment, and hospital mortality after obtaining approval from the Indiana University Institutional Review Board. Data from outpatient visits and from patients dying after hospital dismissal were obtained from attending physicians, hospitalization records, or death certificates.

There were 39 boys and 26 girls. Their mean age and body weight at the initial operation were 17.1 ± 40.4 days (range, 1–210 days) and 3.3 ± 0.5 kg (range, 1.5–4.5 kg). All patients were in congestive heart failure receiving prostaglandin infusion. Fifty-two percent were mechanically ventilated. Preoperative resuscitation, necessary in 46 children, included prostaglandin E1, assisted ventilation, inotropic support and diuretics. DiGeorge syndrome was diagnosed in 17 patients (26%; 2 with IAA type A and 15 with IAA type B). Truncus arteriosus of types I, II, and III truncal anatomy was seen in five, one, and two children, respectively [11].

All patients underwent preoperative cardiac echocardiography or catheterization, or both. Cardiac catheterization was performed in 14 patients to confirm the echocardiographic findings and associated defects. The anatomic features of the aortic arch and the site of interruption were determined according to classification of Celoria and Patton [10]. There were 12 patients with type A, 51 with type B, and 2 with type C. A retro-esophageal left subclavian artery was present in 14 patients.

The intracardiac- and extracardiac-associated lesions are listed in Table 1 . On the basis of the anatomic features, patients with IAA were divided into group I (non-complex): 51 patients with associated defects including patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), ventricular septal defect (VSD), aortopulmonary window, atrial septal defect (ASD), and various forms of LVOTO (valvar aortic stenosis, subaortic obstruction, supravalvar aortic stenosis); and group II (complex): 14 patients with truncus arteriosus (n = 8) or Taussig–Bing double-outlet right ventricle (DORV; n = 6).

View larger version (20K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Distribution and disposition of patients with interrupted aortic arch who underwent various surgical repairs (HT: heart transplantation).

Staged reconstruction of the aortic arch was performed by anastomosing the divided end of the left carotid artery to the descending aorta, ligation of the patent ductus arteriosus and pulmonary artery banding employing a fourth inter space left thoracotomy. In all patients, blood pressure in the ascending aorta was monitored proximal to the site of the occluding clamp on the transverse aortic arch. Usually, the right radial artery was cannulated, but because the right subclavian artery originated from the descending aorta in 14 patients with type B interruption, right superficial temporal artery monitoring was also used when necessary. A blood pressure cuff was placed on the lower extremity.

The innominate artery, transverse aortic arch, left subclavian artery, and ductus arteriosus were circumferentially dissected. The descending thoracic aorta was completely mobilized for five to eight pairs of intercostal arteries. Special care was taken to mobilize the left common carotid artery as far cranially as possible. Vascular clamps were applied and the upper extremity blood pressure remained 60–80 mmHg. The ductus arteriosus was divided and after the removal of all ductus tissue, three techniques were employed to repair the interruption: (1) in 43 patients, the left common carotid artery was divided, spatulated appropriately and anastomosed to the descending thoracic aorta with absorbable suture (Fig. 2A and B), (2) direct anastomosis between the ascending and descending aortic segments was employed in seven patients (Fig. 3A and B), and (3) synthetic patch aortoplasty of a primary anastomosis in two patients was performed. Following aortic reconstruction, the pulmonary artery was banded to reduce the distal pulmonary artery pressure to 50% or less of the systemic value.

View larger version (37K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Carotid artery swing-down repair of interrupted aortic arch; before (A) and after (B) correction.

View larger version (41K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Direct end-to-end anastomosis of interrupted aortic arch repair; before (A) and after (B) correction.

LVOTO was generally the result of a posterior misalignment of the septal conus and was assessed at echocardiography by measurement of the subaortic diameter, the aortic annulus diameter, and the ascending aortic diameter. When the subaortic diameter was smaller than two-thirds of the aortic annular diameter, subaortic stenosis was considered to be severe. If LVOT obstruction was considered to be mild, the surgery for LVOTO relief was not performed or was delayed. Preoperative mean LVOTO gradient (n = 27) was 20.7 ± 9.7 mmHg (range, 8–44 mmHg). One patient in group I underwent closed transventricular aortic valvotomy. Four patients in group I with a preoperative diagnosis of severe LVOTO had resection of obvious obstructing subaortic tissue or valvotomy for valvar commissural fusion, or a combination during the second stage within 2 weeks after the initial IAA repair in the same hospital stay.

Arterial switch with VSD closure was performed in four patients with Taussig–Bing and DORV. A Lecompte maneuver was utilized in all patients. Two patients with subaortic obstruction in group II underwent Rastelli-type conduit reconstruction and a Damus–Kay–Stansel procedure. Truncus arteriosus repair was achieved with the Rastelli-type operation. The mean conduit size in patients of group II was 13 ± 2 mm (range, 11–18 mm).

2.3 Statistical analysis
SPSS statistical program for Windows version 10 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used to perform data analysis. Data are expressed as mean ± SD and range. The Kaplan–Meier product limit and Cox proportional hazards regression methods were used for actuarial survival and freedom from reoperation analysis. Multiple regression analysis was performed as conditional backward stepwise proportional hazards regression. p-values of 0.05 were considered significant. Early mortality is defined as hospital death or death within 30 days of discharge. All other death is considered as late mortality.

	3. Results

Top Abstract 1. Introduction 2. Materials and methods 3. Results 4. Discussion References

 
3.1 Mortality
There were two early deaths in group I (4%; 2/51). One patient died of low cardiac output following carotid artery interposition and PA banding for type B IAA with VSD. A second death occurred in a 2-kg baby with type B IAA, VSD, ASD, and critical aortic stenosis who underwent direct anastomotic repair of IAA, patch closure of VSD and ASD, and closed transventricular aortic valvotomy. This patient expired secondary to acute renal failure 1.5 months postoperatively.

In group II, there were three early deaths (21%; 3/14). Two patients died of low cardiac output following repair of truncus arteriosus and direct anastomosis of the IAA (n = 1) or patch augmentation of a direct anastomosis (n = 1). A third patient with Taussig–Bing anomaly expired secondary to hemorrhage and low cardiac output following direct anastomosis of IAA, arterial switch with closure of ASD and VSD. All these early deaths occurred following one-stage repair.

There have been 10 late deaths (7 in group I and 3 in group II), with 4 late deaths occurring before the second stage procedure. The etiology was low cardiac output (n = 4); sudden unexplained death (n = 2); pneumonia (n = 1); respiratory failure (n = 1); bleeding (n = 1); and rejection following orthotopic heart transplantation (n = 1).

The overall actuarial survival including early mortality was 92% at 1 year, 81% at 5 years, and 76% at 10 and 15 years (Fig. 4A). Actuarial survival curves for patients with staged or one-stage IAA repair are shown in Fig. 4B. There was 78% 15-year survival probability for patients with staged IAA repair compared with 62% for patients with one-stage IAA repair (p < 0.003). Actuarial survival curves for patients in group I and group II are shown in Fig. 4C. There was 81% 15-year survival probability for children in group I compared with 54% for children in group II (p < 0.001). Risk factors for increased mortality by univariate analysis were as follows: (1) primary aortic anastomosis (p = 0.03), (2) presence of complex anomalies (p = 0.05), and (3) initial IAA repair performed before 1994 (p = 0.05). There were no risk factors identified by multivariate analysis for increased mortality.

View larger version (15K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Actuarial survival curves for patients with interrupted aortic arch repair: (A) overall; (B) in patients with staged and one-stage repair; and (C) in patients of group I and group II.

Four patients have undergone reoperation (7%; 4/55; group I) directly to relieve left ventricular outflow tract obstruction: subaortic fibromuscular and/or fibrous membrane resection, patch aortoplasty for relief supravalvar aortic stenosis. Patients who required reintervention (n = 4) underwent pre-reoperative echocardiographic examination and the peak LVOTO gradient was 73.8 ± 10.5 mmHg (range, 55–90 mmHg). At latest follow-up, the peak gradient in these patients was 21.4 ± 8.1 mmHg (range, 12–36 mmHg). All of these patients have mild or no aortic insufficiency. Actuarial freedom from LVOT obstruction requiring reoperation was 92% at 15 years.

A residual VSD required closure in two patients. Diaphragmatic plication was performed in three patients because of left phrenic nerve palsy. Three patients from group II underwent reconstruction of right ventricular outflow tract with PTFE monocusp (n = 2) or Contegra conduit (Medtronic Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA; n = 1) because of previous conduit obstruction (n = 2) or neo pulmonary artery stenosis (n = 1). One of these children also required DeVega tricuspid annuloplasty. Two patients developed end-stage cardiomyopathy and required heart transplantation (one in each group), of which one patient died (group II) 1 year later due to chronic rejection.

Actuarial freedom from any type of reoperation or intervention was 86% at 1 year, 69% at 5 years, and 60% at 10 and 15 years following the initial surgery (Fig. 5A). Actuarial freedom from any type of reoperation curves for patients with staged and one-stage IAA repair are shown in Fig. 5B. There was 49% 15-year freedom from reoperation probability for patients with staged IAA repair at presentation compared with 67% for patients with one-stage IAA repair (p = 0.007). Actuarial freedom from any type of reoperation curves for patients in groups I and II are shown in Fig. 5C. Univariate and multivariate analyses identified no variables as risk factors for reoperation.

View larger version (17K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Actuarial freedom from any type of reoperation curves for patients with interrupted aortic arch repair: (A) overall; (B) in patients with staged and one-stage repair; and (C) in patients in group I and group II.

	4. Discussion

Top Abstract 1. Introduction 2. Materials and methods 3. Results 4. Discussion References

 
Successful surgical repair of IAA was first accomplished by Samson in 1955 in a patient with short-segment type A IAA [12]. A direct anastomosis was possible. The associated VSD was not closed at the time of the arch repair. The first successful one-stage correction of type A IAA was performed by Barratt-Boyes et al. [13] in 1970 where arch continuity was established using a synthetic conduit. In 1975, Trusler and Izukawa [14] reported correction of a type B IAA with a direct anastomosis of the ascending and descending aorta and closure of the VSD employing sternotomy with cardiopulmonary bypass in a 13-day-old baby.

Early experience with one-stage complete repair resulted in mortality of up to 65%, particularly in the presence of LVOTO [15]. Fortunately, mortality for patients having primary complete repair of IAA has decreased in parallel with improvements in results of other primary neonatal reconstructions for complex cardiac lesions over the past 15 years [3,9,16]. From a highly lethal condition where success was documented by individual cases [17], to small series [2,18] in which 50% of the infants survived, to more recent reports [5,9,19–21] with more improved outcomes as the surgical treatment continues to improve. Neonatal operative experience, early intubation, and prostaglandin infusion have helped to lower the operative mortality [4,19]. The clinical focus has now moved from early operative survival to medium- and long-term outcomes [5,9,19] (Table 3 ).

Currently the one-stage approach is the preferred therapy for IAA and VSD at most institutions. There are advantages to this approach over the staged approach which includes fewer reoperations, avoidance of pulmonary artery banding which could accelerate subaortic stenosis and the decreased need for future arch reconstruction. Excellent results have been reported in a number of single-institution series [22]. The Congenital Heart Surgeons Society's multi-institutional study reported a 35% operative mortality rate [4], suggesting that one-stage strategy does not always yield the most optimal outcome [5].

Associated complex anomalies, such as truncus arteriosus, double outlet right ventricle, carried a high risk [9,23]. Our own 46% overall mortality rate for repair of IAA with complex anomalies (group II) tends to support those findings.

Techniques for repair of the aortic arch have also been debated. Direct anastomosis of the ascending to the descending aorta with homograft or autologous pericardial patch augmentation has been advocated by several authors [4,5]. Others [3,6,20] favored the direct anastomosis without patch augmentation. Sell et al. [6] indicated direct anastomosis and earlier date of surgery were incremental risk factors for recurrent or persistent aortic arch stenosis. Our experience with staged repair of IAA indicates that using the left carotid artery as an autologous conduit for aortic arch continuity can be safely applied in these patients even in the presence of other intracardiac anomalies. Sacrifice of the left carotid artery for arch reconstruction does not appear to result in any adverse neurologic sequelae or growth disturbances during the follow-up period.

Bronchial compression is an unusual but consistent and troublesome complication observed after direct anastomosis or prosthetic graft interposition [19]. If the descending aorta is anastomosed more proximally on the ascending aorta, excessive tension between the two aortic components can lead to bronchial compression. This complication could potentially be avoided with anterior patch augmentation of the anastomosis. In our series, no patient has developed left bronchial compression.

The left ventricular outflow tract has been recognized as an important predictor of non-survival and reoperation in patients with IAA [5,6,16]. Mainwaring and Lamberti [20] described reoperations to relieve LVOTO in 18% of their survivors. Patients with IAA have posterior deviation of the conal septum, which morphologically can cause subaortic stenosis and even aortic annular hypoplasia leading to varying degrees of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction.

There is no general agreement as far as the need for primary intervention on a narrow LVOTO is concerned. Jonas et al. [4] does not recommend any intervention unless the subaortic stenosis is extreme. A relatively simple method of prevention of the LVOTO development is based on placement of the patch for VSD closure to the left side of the conal septum without myomectomy. This technique was also recommended by Luciani et al. [22].

Balloon angioplasty for recurrent aortic arch stenosis after surgical repair has become the method of choice during the past decade. Although long-term data are still unavailable and the procedure is clearly not free of complications. In our experience, the recurrence of stenosis at the site of anastomosis which is extremely close to the origin of the left subclavian, making the patch angioplasty challenging and/or stenting impractical. Thus, balloon angioplasty for recurrence after primary anastomosis in the neonate can be challenging, as is surgical patch angioplasty. Roussin et al. [24] described that among the eight patients who required balloon angioplasty for recurrence, two required an early second angioplasty procedure and two have significant residual gradients in early follow-up. Late patch enlargement of the left carotid swing down anastomosis to the descending aorta has been very successful in our hands and has had low morbidity and low reoccurrence rates.

In summary, our experience with staged repair of IAA for the past 20 years indicates that using left carotid artery swing down can be safely applied in IAA patients with and without other intracardiac anomalies. Use of the left carotid for arch reconstruction reduce early mortality and avoids several of the problems encountered with one-stage repair like difficult recurrent arch obstruction and left bronchial compression. Pulmonary banding used in staged repair has not increased the development of subaortic stenosis and may decrease subaortic stenosis. Our experience during the last 10 years shows a reduction in mortality from 31% to 19%. Associated anomalies play an important role in the outcomes. The long-term probability for reoperation or reintervention remains high regardless of the operative technique chosen.

	References

Top Abstract 1. Introduction 2. Materials and methods 3. Results 4. Discussion References

 

1. Steidele RJ. Sammig. Verchiedener in der chirug. Prakt Lehrschule Gemachten Beobb (Vienna). 1778;2:114..
2. Norwood WI, Lang P, Castaneda AR, Hougen TJ. Reparative operations for interrupted aortic arch with ventricular septal defect. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1983;86:832-837.[Abstract]
3. Karl TR, Sano S, Brawn W, Mee RBB. Repair of hypoplastic or interrupted aortic arch via sternotomy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1992;104:688-695.[Abstract]
4. Jonas RA, Quaegebeur JM, Kirklin JW, Blackstone EH, Daicoff G. Outcomes in patients with interrupted aortic arch and ventricular septal defect. A multiinstitutional study. Congenital Heart Surgeons Society. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1994;107:1099-1109.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
5. Serraf A, Lacour-Gayet F, Robotin M, Bruniaux J, Sousa-Uva M, Roussin R, Planche C. Repair of interrupted aortic arch: a ten-year experience. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1996;112:1150-1160.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
6. Sell JE, Jonas RA, Mayer JE, Blackstone EH, Kirklin JW, Castaneda AR. The results of a surgical program for interrupted aortic arch. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1988;96:864-877.[Abstract]
7. Monro JL. Reoperations for interrupted aortic arch. In: Stark J, Pacifico AD, editors. Reoperations in cardiac surgery. London: Springer; 1989. pp. 125-141.
8. Sakai T, Miki S, Ueda Y, Tahata T, Ogino H, Morioka K, Tsugawa C. Left main bronchus compression after aortic reconstruction for interruption of aortic arch. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 1995;9:667-669.[Abstract]
9. Tlaskal T, Hucin B, Hruda J, Marek J, Chaloupecky V, Kostelka M, Janousek J, Skovranek J. Results of primary and two-stage repair of interrupted aortic arch. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 1998;14:235-242.
10. Celoria GC, Patton RB. Congenital absence of the aortic arch. Am J Cardiol 1959;58:407-413.
11. Collett RW, Edwards JE. Persistent truncus arteriosus: a classification according to anatomical types. Surg Clin North Am 1948;29:1245.
12. Merrill DL, Webster CA, Samson PC. Congenital absence of the aortic isthmus. J Thorac Surg 1957;33:311.[Medline]
13. Barratt-Boyes BG, Nicholls TT, Brandt PWT, Neutze JM. Aortic arch interruption associated with patent ductus arteriosus, ventricular septal defect, and total anomalous pulmonary venous connection. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1972;63:367-373.[Medline]
14. Trusler GA, Izukawa T. Interrupted aortic arch and ventricular septal defect: direct repair through a median sternotomy incision in a 13-day-old infant. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1975;69:126-131.[Abstract]
15. Menahem S, Brawn WJ, Mee RBB. Severe subaortic stenosis in interrupted aortic arch in infancy and childhood. J Card Surg 1991;6:373-380.[Medline]
16. Fulton JO, Mas C, Brizard CPR, Cochrane AD, Karl TR. Does left ventricular outflow tract obstruction influence outcome of interrupted aortic arch repair?. Ann Thorac Surg 1999;67:177-181.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
17. Leoni F, Huhta JC, Douglas J, MacKay R, de Leval MR, Macartney FJ, Stark J. Effect of prostaglandin on early surgical mortality in obstructive lesions of the systemic circulation. Br Heart J 1984;52:654-659.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
18. Irwin ED, Braunlin EA, Foker JE. Stage repair of interrupted aortic arch and ventricular septal defect in infancy. Ann Thorac Surg 1991;52:632-637.[Abstract]
19. Schreiber C, Eicken A, Vogt M, Gunther T, Wottke M, Thielmann M, Paek SU, Meisner H, Hess J, Lange R. Repair of interrupted aortic arch: results after more than 20 years. Ann Thorac Surg 2000;70:1896-1900.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
20. Mainwaring RD, Lamberti JJ. Mid- to long-term results of the two-stage approach for type B interrupted aortic arch and ventricular septal defect. Ann Thorac Surg 1997;64:1782-1786.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
21. Vouhe PR, Mace L, Vernant F, Jayais P, Pouard P, Mauriat P, Leca F, Neveux JY. Primary definitive repair of interrupted aortic arch with ventricular septal defect. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 1990;4:365-370.[Abstract]
22. Luciani GB, Ackerman RJ, Chang AC, Wells WJ, Starnes VA. One-stage repair of interrupted aortic arch, ventricular septal defect, and subaortic obstruction in the neonate: a novel approach. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1996;111:348-358.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
23. Sano S, Brawn WJ, Mee RBB. Repair of truncus arteriosus and interrupted aortic arch. J Card Surg 1990;5:157-162.[Medline]
24. Roussin R, Belli E, Lacour-Gayet F, Godart F, Rey C, Bruniaux J, Planche C, Serraf A. Aortic arch reconstructions with pulmonary autograft patch aortoplasty. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2002;123:443-450.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

This article has been cited by other articles:

				C. A. Joynt, C. M.T. Robertson, P.-Y. Cheung, A. Nettel-Aguirre, A. R. Joffe, R. S. Sauve, W. S.G. Biggs, N. J. Leonard, D. B. Ross, I. M. Rebeyka, et al. Two-year neurodevelopmental outcomes of infants undergoing neonatal cardiac surgery for interrupted aortic arch: A descriptive analysis J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., October 1, 2009; 138(4): 924 - 932. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Kobayashi, M. Ando, N. Wada, and Y. Takahashi Outcomes following surgical repair of aortic arch obstructions with associated cardiac anomalies Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., April 1, 2009; 35(4): 565 - 568. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. K. Mishra Management strategies for interrupted aortic arch with associated anomalies Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., April 1, 2009; 35(4): 569 - 576. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. R. Dillman, S. G. Yarram, A. R. D'Amico, and R. J. Hernandez Interrupted Aortic Arch: Spectrum of MRI Findings Am. J. Roentgenol., June 1, 2008; 190(6): 1467 - 1474. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. F. Corno, E. J. Ladusans, M. Pozzi, and S. Kerr FloWatch versus conventional pulmonary artery banding. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., December 1, 2007; 134(6): 1413 - 1420. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. L. Monro Editorial comment: Interrupted aortic arch Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., May 1, 2006; 29(5): 673 - 674. [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Add to Personal Folders Download to citation manager Author home page(s): John W. Brown Mark Ruzmetov Yuji Okada Palaniswamy Vijay Mark D. Rodefeld Mark W. Turrentine Permission Requests Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Brown, J. W. Articles by Turrentine, M. W. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Brown, J. W. Articles by Turrentine, M. W. Related Collections Congenital - acyanotic