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Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2007;32:596-603. doi:10.1016/j.ejcts.2007.06.044
Copyright © 2007, European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved
Département de Chirurgie Cardiovasculaire, Institut de Cardiologie, Hôpital Pitié Salpétrière, 50-52 Bd Vincent Auriol, 75013 Paris, France
Received 1 March 2007; received in revised form 13 June 2007; accepted 15 June 2007.
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +33 142 16 56 85; fax: +33 142 16 56 78. (Email: c.acar{at}psl.aphp.fr).
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Abstract |
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 Top Abstract 1. Introduction2. Methods3. Results4. DiscussionReferences |
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Key Words: Mitral annulus calcification • Mitral valve repair • Mitral valve replacement
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1. Introduction |
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TopAbstract1. Introduction2. Methods3. Results4. DiscussionReferences |
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2. Methods |
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TopAbstract1. Introduction2. Methods3. Results4. DiscussionReferences |
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Preoperative vascular echo Doppler study of the supraaortic vessels performed in 93 cases (75%) showed a carotid disease in 33 cases (35%): calcified plaque with stenosis <30% (n = 21), stenosis 30–50% (n = 10) and stenosis >50% (n = 2). Echographic examination of the thoracoabdominal aorta in 79 cases (64%) showed an aortic wall atheroma in 28 cases (35%): protruding calcified plaque (n = 26) or aneurysm (n = 2). A preoperative angiogram in 108 cases (87%) showed a coronary artery disease in 43 cases (40%): previous stenting (n = 5), <50% stenosis (n = 18) or >50% stenosis (n = 20).
Echocardiography showed a mitral regurgitation grade 1/2 in 12 patients (10%) and 3/4 in 112 patients (90%). In 11 cases (9%) an associated mitral stenosis was also noted (mean transvalvular gradient: 14 ± 6 mmHg, mean surface valve area: 0.91 + 0.26 cm2). Mitral annulus calcification was detected on the preoperative echography in 85 cases (69%). It was overlooked and revealed during surgery in 39 cases (31%). Echography showed an aortic valve disease in 43 cases (35%): isolated cusp calcifications (n = 22, 18%), or with stenosis (n = 21, 17%) (mean transvalvular gradient: 35 ± 13 mmHg and surface valve area: 0.82 ± 0.26 cm2) including four previously inserted prosthetic valve where three were obstructive. Two patients had a hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. An aortic valve insufficiency was observed in 47 cases (38%): grade 1 (n = 27), grade 2 (n = 19) and grade 3 (n = 1). The mean ascending aorta diameter was 33 ± 5 mm. The left ventricle dimensions were: end-diastolic diameter (58 ± 8 mm), end-systolic diameter (35 ± 8 mm), ejection fraction (63 ± 9%), and diastolic septal thickness (12 ± 3 mm). The left atrial diameter in four-chamber view was 51 ± 8 mm. A grade 2 or more tricuspid insufficiency was noted in six cases. The systolic pulmonary pressure using Doppler was evaluated in 108 patients (87%) and its average value was 48 ± 16 mmHg.
According to Carpentier, an aetiopathogenic classification of the type of degenerative mitral disease was established based on the anatomy of the valve and two groups were distinguished [1–3]. The Barlow disease was characterised by the presence of a severe myxomatous degeneration of the leaflets and chordae with excess tissue. Conversely, the diagnosis of fibroelastic deficiency was carried when the leaflets appeared normal or thinner [1,2]. In the rare intermediary forms in which the sole prolapsed area presented some degree of myxomatous involvement, the size of the mitral annulus was also taken into consideration [3]. The localisation as well as the extent of the annulus calcification graded from 1 (limited to one segment of the mitral annulus) to 5 (involving the three posterior segments, at least 1 commissural in addition to the anterior part) was noted. Ruptured chordae were observed in 70 cases (56%) involving in five cases two separate parts of the valve: posterior leaflet (n = 65), anterior leaflet (n = 6), commissure (n = 4). A large cavity containing caseous necrosis was found in three cases.
2.2 Surgical technique
Mitral valve repair was performed in 85 cases (68%). In case of a calcification localised to one segment, it was either removed together with the prolapsed area or left in place when it involved a commissure (Fig. 1
). When the calcium bar was extended to two segments or more of the mitral annulus, the Carpentier decalcification technique [1] was used (n
= 34). It comprised a disinsertion of the posterior leaflet with en bloc removal of the calcium bar and posterior leaflet sliding plasty (Fig. 2
). The other techniques of repair were: posterior leaflet quadrangular resection (n
= 78), annulus plication (n
= 54), chordae transposition on the anterior leaflet (n
= 13), commissural closure (n
= 9), pericardial patch (n
= 3) or direct (n
= 1) closure of a perforation. All caseous or abscessed collections were evacuated and the cavity was deterred and closed directly except in one case in which a pericardial patch was used. Prosthetic ring annuloplasty was accomplished in all cases with either a Carpentier physio (n
= 24) or a Duran ring (n
= 61). The mean intercommissural distance of the ring was 34.2 ± 2.6 mm. Intraoperative echocardiography control of the repair was routinely performed.
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2.4 Statistical analysis
Descriptive data for continuous variables were presented as means with standard deviation. Patient groups were compared by chi-square test for categorical values and Student's t-test for continuous variables and for comparison of groups including small samples. In-hospital morbidity included all complications occurring during the hospitalisation stay, beyond that time only cardiac related events were recorded. Survival rates were estimated according to the Kaplan–Meier method and were compared using the log-rank test.
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3. Results |
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TopAbstract1. Introduction2. Methods3. Results4. DiscussionReferences |
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3.3 In-hospital mortality and morbidity
Overall, in-hospital mortality included 18 cases (14%) whose causes are listed in Table 2
. The type of mitral degenerative disease was a predictor of in-hospital mortality (5% vs 23% for Barlow and fibroelastic deficiency respectively, p
< 0.01). Increased in-hospital mortality was also observed in chronic renal insufficiency (35%) (p
< 0.01) and bacterial endocarditis (29%) (p
< 0.05). The repair group had a lower in-hospital mortality than the replacement group (8.2% vs 28%, respectively) (p
< 0.01). Perioperative complications occurring in 21 patients (17%) are listed in Table 2 (some patients presented more than one complication), haemorrhagic complication (n
= 3) included: mediastinal bleeding, rectus major haematoma and gastric ulcer haemorrhage. Echocardiography at the end of the hospital stay showed in mitral valve repair: no or grade 1 residual insufficiency (n
= 71) or grade 2 insufficiency (n
= 7). No periprosthetic leak was noted following valve replacement. The mean transvalvular gradient was lower after repair (3.6 ± 1.1 mmHg) than after replacement (5.1 ± 1.9 mmHg) (p
< 0.001).
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4. Discussion |
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TopAbstract1. Introduction2. Methods3. Results4. DiscussionReferences |
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Chordal ruptures were observed in a vast majority of Barlow disease cases involving preferentially the P2 portion of the posterior leaflet, in the remaining patients the regurgitation was usually linked to a bileaflet prolapse due to chordal elongation with severe annulus dilatation. Chordal rupture was observed only in one third of the fibroelastic deficiency cases. The calcium bar was commonly located posteriorly and invaded a commissural area in 40% of the cases. It was more extended in fibroelastic deficiency in which the P2 and P3 annular segments were more frequently involved than in Barlow disease (Table 1, Fig. 4). The anterior annular part was usually spared in Barlow disease, whereas it was occasionally calcified particularly in the trigone areas in fibroelastic deficiency (Fig. 4).
4.2 Clinical and echographic aspects
Although Barlow disease can occur in young adults and even in the childhood, the annulus calcification is a slowly evolving process and the average age of Barlow cases in this series was 60. By contrast, fibroelastic deficiency preferentially develops in the elderly and patients’ age in this group was 73. Not surprisingly, comorbidities such as cancer or diabetes mellitus were more frequent in this group. An accelerated calcification of the mitral annulus in adults in their third or fourth decade was observed in patients with a Marfan syndrome and in those under chronic dialysis.
Nowadays many patients with severe mitral insufficiency are operated upon while still asymptomatic based on echocardiographic criteria [4]. Thus, the Barlow disease group in this series included a substantial number of asymptomatic patients (Table 1). However in the elderly, signs of poor clinical tolerance are required before referring the patient to surgery and many patients suffering fibroelastic deficiency were in NYHA class III or IV. Overall, preoperative permanent or paroxystic atrial fibrillation was observed in almost half of the cases. The ability of preoperative echocardiography to detect annulus calcification depended upon the extent of the calcium bar; echo diagnosis was particularly efficient in fibroelastic deficiency (80%). When compared with the operative findings, its sensitivity was only 57% in Barlow disease probably because a localised calcified nodule was hardly more distinguishable at the base of a thickened myxomatous leaflet.
The two anatomical entities of mitral degenerative disease appeared to be associated with two distinct echographic patterns whose characteristics are summarised in Table 1 and Fig. 5. In case of Barlow disease, the myocardial changes were solely due to the chronically regurgitant mitral valve which was invariably severe (grade 3/4). The left atrial cavity was markedly enlarged allowing an easy access to the mitral orifice. The left ventricle whose thickness was normal was almost invariably dilated. Thanks to these compensation mechanisms, the pulmonary pressures were only mildly elevated at the time of surgery. Even in the absence of Marfan syndrome, a dystrophy of the aortic root was occasionally observed as suggested by the slight increase in aortic diameter whereas the aortic valve was rarely calcified.
The echographic presentation of fibroelastic deficiency was strikingly different because it very frequently occurred in the setting of a hypertensive cardiomyopathy (Fig. 5). The amount of regurgitation was frequently less but a genuine degenerative stenosis was occasionally observed. The left atrium had a normal or slightly increased size sometimes making the surgical exposure difficult. The left ventricular wall was hypertrophied whereas its cavity was only mildly dilated. The aortic valve was calcified in half of the cases (Mönckeberg disease) and required an aortic valve replacement in one third of the cases. Mitral annulus calcification being a well-known marker of atheroma, [5,6] not surprisingly the elderly population with fibroelastic deficiency had frequently multifocal disease with a carotid disease or an aortic wall atheroma. Similarly, an associated ischaemic heart disease was noted in over half of the cases (Table 1). Due to the lack of significant cardiac chamber dilatation, the pulmonary pressures were notably increased resulting in a disabling dyspnoea as mentioned above. In between these two typical patterns, intermediary cases were observed: Barlow disease with systemic hypertension in an elderly patient or early phase of a fibroelastic deficiency with a calcific nodule at the base of a single myxomatous leaflet segment. Whatever the type of degenerative disease, the ejection fraction of the left ventricle most frequently remained within the normal range although slightly lower in the fibroelastic deficiency.
4.3 Techniques of mitral repair
The possibilities of repair were evaluated directly during the procedure based on two criteria: (1) the extent of the annular calcification (2) the amount of leaflet tissue available for reconstruction. Hence, a mitral valve repair was achieved in the vast majority of patients with a Barlow disease (95%) even in the case of extensive annular calcifications. In fibroelastic deficiency, the lack of excess tissue limited the possibilities of mitral reconstruction and valve repair was restricted to the cases with more localised calcifications (44%).
As opposed to previous publications focused exclusively on the surgical challenge raised by extensive annular calcifications [7–9], this series also deals with the less invasive forms. When localised, the calcification frequently involved the annulus at the insertion of the prolapsed area. The repair comprised, in addition to the resection of the myxomatous posterior leaflet segment, a removal of the calcific nodule so as to allow an annulus plication with leaflet suture or a reconstruction with a sliding plasty. Nevertheless, in fibroelastic deficiency, when the calcified nodule was located away from the site of prolapse, close to a commissure and invaded the underlying chordae or even the papillary muscle, it was left in place (Fig. 1). Indeed, the cure of such a lesion would have required in addition to the prolapsed area, a resection of the commissure [1] whose reconstruction could have been problematic in the absence of excess tissue.
Whenever the calcifications were extended to two segments or more of the mitral annulus, the repair technique included a disinsertion of the posterior leaflet where the most myxomatous portion was excised followed by an en bloc resection of the calcium bar according to Carpentier [1] (Fig. 2). In case of a large leaflet removal, a plication of the P2 portion of the annulus was achieved. The posterior sutures used for ring annuloplasty were placed at that stage and maintained under traction so as to produce some degree of annular contraction in order to facilitate the reapproximation of the leaflet remnants (Fig. 2). Then the posterior leaflet was reattached using large bites on the atrial wall in such way that the prosthetic ring, once in place, would cover the whole suture line. In our experience, it matters to preserve at least a 1 cm height of tissue along the three posterior leaflet segments so as to provide a large coaptation area. Due to the infiltration by the annular calcifications, the amount of healthy tissue is often insufficient at the level of the clefts separating P1 from P2 and P2 from P3 (Fig. 2). Thus, the clefts were systematically closed before disinserting the posterior leaflet. For the same reason, whenever the calcification was extended to a commissural area, the corresponding commissure was closed by means of a few separated sutures before removing the calcium bar. In our experience, these technical details seemed to significantly decrease the risk of residual insufficiency.
Although the atrioventricular continuity was completely disconnected, no serious intraoperative haemorrhage occurred in this series. The proximity of the circumflex artery, particularly in its proximal segment corresponding to the anterolateral commissure and to the P1 segment of the mitral annulus represents another potential source of complication. In two cases with a left dominant circumflex artery, the detection of ECG changes in the lateral wall and a segmental dysfunction on the intraoperative echography led to the construction of coronary bypasses where postoperative courses were uneventful.
In case of an extensive annulus involvement, some authors have advocated the creation of a double mitral orifice leaving the calcifications in place [10]. Our limited experience with this technique resulted in residual insufficiency and a complete decalcification with sliding plasty or a valve replacement appeared to us a more reliable option.
A large collection of caseous necrosis developed in contact with the calcification or was observed separately in a few cases in this series [11]. These formations mimicking pus were constantly sterile and their surgical treatment was easy because a fibrotic sheath that could be sutured directly once the collection had been evacuated surrounded them.
The systematical use of intraoperative transoesophageal has avoided the need for an early operation in six cases in this series. A second pump run was instituted during which the mitral valve was most frequently preserved. The prosthetic ring was replaced by a larger ring in case of SAM or by a smaller ring in case of central lack of coaptation. In two cases in which the mechanism of repair failure remained unclear, mitral valve replacement was performed. Unfortunately, intraoperative echography has not completely abolished the onset of early repair failure (three cases in these series), probably because it had not always been realised under physiological haemodynamic conditions [12]. Filling with a large volume and if necessary intravenous vasoconstrictors should be used in order to maintain a normal afterload (systolic systemic pressure >120 mmHg) so as to reveal any residual insufficiency [12].
4.4 Valve replacement on a calcified mitral annulus
In fibroelastic deficiency with circumferential calcifications, a genuine degenerative mitral stenosis was occasionally observed. The combination of protrusive posterior calcifications, a calcific invasion of the commissures and of the base of the anterior leaflet interfering with the valve opening, together with a narrow mitral orifice, was responsible for a high diastolic gradient. The associated mitral insufficiency was usually mild to moderate. As a rule, a valve replacement was then performed (Fig. 3).
When valve replacement was considered, a complete excision of the anterior leaflet and of the commissures was realised whereas the whole posterior leaflet with its chordae and the adjacent annular calcifications were preserved. However a partial decalcification was accomplished in some rare cases: marked protrusion of the calcifications into the ventricular cavity or failed attempt at valve repair. Considering the age and the comorbidities in patients requiring valve replacement, a limited life expectancy could be expected and the usual choice as a valve substitute was a bioprosthesis.
In this series the total haemorrhagic complication rate was 9%. Although an anticoagulation therapy was necessary due to atrial fibrillation in half of the cases, the level of anticoagulation required (INR: 2) was lower than for a mechanical mitral prosthesis (INR: 3–4). The treatment could even be discontinued in case of necessity (extracardiac surgery), which in addition, facilitated the management of potential bleeding.
Surgery carries a high risk in patients requiring chronic haemodialysis [13]. Mitral annulus calcification is a sign of diffuse nephrocalcinosis that is associated with a poor prognosis [14]. According to a recent series, the lesser longevity of bioprostheses in these patients has been disproved [15]. Pericardial effusion is a common complication in chronic renal insufficiency and can be further aggravated by the anticoagulation required during the dialysis periods leading to tamponade. The adjustment of the anticoagulation level was facilitated by the choice of a biological valve substitute that allowed to lower or to discontinue the anticoagulation therapy in between the dialyses. The early and late mortality of patients with severe renal insufficiency (creatinine level >200 µM/l or chronic dialysis) was high in our series, mostly from extracardiac causes and only 29% of these patients were still alive at 5 years.
Concerning the surgical technique, the size of the prosthesis was carefully chosen so as to fit the mitral orifice exactly. In our experience, the insertion of an undersized prosthesis on a non-pliable annulus has been a frequent source of periprosthetic leak. Some authors have proposed to reconstruct the annulus with pericardium once decalcified and to insert the prosthesis on the pericardial patch [8]. Others have chosen to leave the calcium bar and use an intra-atrial implantation of the prosthesis extended with a piece of Dacron [16].
The fixation of a valve in the anatomical position firmly anchored to the calcifications left intact seemed to offer a more reliable solution. No periprosthetic leak was detected during the early and late follow up in this series. This option did not increase the risk of annular rupture and there has not been any intraoperative bleeding due to annulus injury.
In order to improve the compliance of the insertion site, the left atrial tissue adjacent to the mitral annulus with the posterior leaflet was applied together with the annular calcifications on the sawing ring of the valve (Fig. 3). Simple, interrupted and numerous braided 2/0 sutures with large uppercut needles were used for fixation. Occasionally the sawing ring was extended by means of a circumferential patch of Teflon felt so as to fit exactly the shape of the calcifications (Fig. 3).
In conclusion, the aetiopathogeny of the mitral disease with annulus calcifications corresponded to distinct anatomical, clinical and echographic patterns. It was a main determinant of the repair feasibility as well as the surgical outcome. A repair was performed in almost all cases of Barlow disease patients and the long-term results have remained excellent (Fig. 6A). In fibroelastic deficiency, a repair has been possible in less than half of the cases. Due to the patients’ older age and to the frequent extracardiac associated diseases, in-hospital mortality was higher than in the Barlow group. Similarly overall survival and cardiac event free survival at 5 years was lower (Fig. 6A). Chronic renal insufficiency and bacterial endocarditis were two strong predictors of early and late death when associated with mitral annulus calcifications requiring surgery. The surgical technique itself seemed to influence the prognosis and early or late survivals were higher following mitral valve repair than following replacement (Fig. 6B).
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References |
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TopAbstract1. Introduction2. Methods3. Results4. DiscussionReferences |
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  N. Papadopoulos, M. Dietrich, T. Christodoulou, A. Moritz, and M. Doss Midterm Survival After Decalcification of the Mitral Annulus Ann. Thorac. Surg., April 1, 2009; 87(4): 1143 - 1147. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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