EJCTS Click here for details of sales representative
HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced]


     

Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2008;33:95-98. doi:10.1016/j.ejcts.2007.10.003
Copyright © 2008, European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery. Published by Elsevier. All rights reserved.
This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to Personal Folders
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow Author home page(s):
Antonio Bobbio
Luca Ampollini
Paolo Carbognani
Michele Rusca
Right arrow Permission Requests
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Bobbio, A.
Right arrow Articles by Olivieri, D.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Bobbio, A.
Right arrow Articles by Olivieri, D.
Related Collections
Right arrow Lung - cancer
Right arrow Lung - other

Preoperative pulmonary rehabilitation in patients undergoing lung resection for non-small cell lung cancer

Antonio Bobbioa,*, Alfredo Chettab, Luca Ampollinia, Gian Luca Primomob, Eveline Internulloa, Paolo Carbognania, Michele Ruscaa, Dario Olivierib

a Section of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
b Section of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Clinical Sciences, University Hospital of Parma, Viale Gramsci 14, 43100 Parma, Italy

Received 21 June 2007; received in revised form 28 September 2007; accepted 3 October 2007.

* Corresponding author. Address: U.O. Chirurgia Toracica, Azienda Ospedaliera-Università di Parma, Viale Gramsci 14, 43100 Parma, Italy. Tel.: +39 03406874733; fax: +39 0521 992019. (Email: antonio.bobbio{at}unipr.it; antonboa{at}hotmail.com).


   Abstract
Top
 Abstract
1. Introduction
 2. Patients and methods
 3. Results
 4. Discussion
 References
 
Background: The impact of short-term preoperative pulmonary rehabilitation on exercise capacity of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease undergoing lobectomy for non-small cell lung cancer is evaluated. Methods: A prospective observational study was designed. Inclusion criteria consisted of an indication to lung resection because of a clinical stage I or II non-small cell lung cancer and a chronic obstructive disease on preoperative pulmonary function test. In such conditions, maximal oxygen consumption by a cardio-pulmonary exercise test was evaluated; when this resulted as being ≤15 ml/kg/min a pulmonary rehabilitation programme lasting 4 weeks was considered. Twelve patients fulfilled inclusion criteria, completed the preoperative rehabilitation programme and underwent a new functional evaluation prior to surgery. The postoperative record of these patients was collected. Results: On completion of pulmonary rehabilitation, the resting pulmonary function test and diffuse lung capacity of patients was unchanged, whereas the exercise performance was found to have significantly improved; the mean increase in maximal oxygen consumption proved to be at 2.8 ml/kg/min (p < 0.01). Eleven patients underwent lobectomy; no postoperative mortality was noted and mean hospital stay was 17 days. Postoperative pulmonary complication was recorded in 8 patients. Conclusions: Short-term preoperative pulmonary rehabilitation could improve the exercise capacity of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who are candidates for lung resection for non-small cell lung cancer.

Key Words: Lung cancer surgery • Preoperative care • Surgery • Complications


   1. Introduction
Top
 Abstract
 1. Introduction
2. Patients and methods
 3. Results
 4. Discussion
 References
 
A comprehensive pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) programme is always considered for patients presenting with chronic pulmonary disease. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients are those most often referred to PR and, regardless of the severity of the disease, PR has been shown to be effective in reducing symptoms, increasing daily activity and minimizing exacerbation of the disease [1–3].

The role of PR in a preoperative setting has been largely explored in patients with pulmonary emphysema enlisted for lung volume resection surgery. In the NETT trial, PR was considered an inclusion criterion before randomization to undergo surgery [4]; its value in patient screening, exercise testing and individualized exercise prescription has been stated, and preoperative PR has been shown to lead to a significant improvement in exercise capacity, dyspnoea and health-related quality of life [5–7]. In the case of lung volume resection surgery, however, PR plays an essential part in the treatment of the disease and is always delivered in long-term courses. Interestingly, its impact on postoperative morbidity and mortality is yet to be established [8,9].

On the other hand, a preoperative PR in COPD patients who are candidates for lung resection for NSCLC with the aim of optimizing preoperative lung function and global conditioning, although frequently advocated, has seldom been explored and its value is still to be assessed [9–15].

In view of the lack of data on the value of preoperative PR in COPD patients who are candidates for lung resection for NSCLC, we have designed a pilot observational study to investigate the effect on pulmonary function and exercise performance of a 4-week PR programme; PR was scheduled for those patients in whom an impairment of exercise capacity was found during a preoperative maximal incremental cycle ergometer cardio-pulmonary exercise test (C-PET), and the effects of PR were evaluated by means of a new resting and dynamic functional evaluation programmed at the end of PR.


   2. Patients and methods
Top
 Abstract
 1. Introduction
 2. Patients and methods
3. Results
 4. Discussion
 References
 
2.1 Study design and population
Between April 2004 and March 2006 a prospective observational study was conducted on patients who had preoperative functional evaluation in the Respiratory Disease Division of the Department of Clinical Science of the University of Parma and on whom surgery was performed at the Unit of Thoracic Surgery of the University of Parma. Informed consent was obtained from all patients. The research was conducted according to recommendations outlined in the Helsinki Declaration.

During the study period, in all patients with a diagnosis of NSCLC, clinical staging protocol consisted of chest radiography, fiberoptic bronchoscopy, and thoracic, upper-abdominal, and cerebral CT scan. In the presence of enlarged (>1.5 cm) mediastinal nodes a biopsy was always obtained before considering lung resection. Preoperative functional evaluation consisted of spirometric and plethysmographic tests, diffuse lung capacity (DLCO) and arterial blood gas measurement. In the case of a diagnosis of COPD defined by the presence of a FEV1/FVC ratio lower than 0.7 and a FEV1 lower than 70%, a C-PET was undertaken. In the face of a maximal peak of oxygen consumption (VO2max) ≤ 15 ml/kg/min, such patients were enlisted to undergo a preoperative PR programme. Only patients with clinical Stage I or II NSCLC were considered and no facilities for transport or accommodation were granted to the participants. Patients who could not completely adhere to the PR programme were excluded.

A new functional evaluation by resting pulmonary function test (PFT), DLCO and C–PET measurement was obtained during the last daily session of the PR programme. Surgery was scheduled within the two weeks after completion of PR. Of the patients examined during the study period, 12 fulfilled the inclusion criteria and all completed the PR programme. Eleven patients underwent surgery; 1 refused surgical intervention. Lung resection was performed in accordance with standard techniques, and hilar and mediastinal lymph node dissection was always performed.

2.2 PR programme
Preparation for intervention for all patients included the cessation of smoking and optimization of pharmacological treatment. Bronchodilators were prescribed whereas steroids were not introduced. The PR programme consisted of a daily one and a half hour hospital appointment, 5 days a week for 4 weeks. During the first session physical modality therapy, including controlled breathing and cough techniques, was taught; the patients were instructed in incentive spirometry exercises by a coaching device (Coach II; Kendal, Tyco Healthcare) and they were asked to repeat the exercises twice daily at home. The peripheral muscle exercise training programme consisted of aerobic work on a leg cycle ergometer: each training session consisted of a 5-min warm-up at 30% of maximal work rate, followed by 30 min at 50% of maximal work rate, ending with a 5-min cool-down. Workloads were calculated from the work rate obtained during the C-PET examination and were then progressively increased weekly up to 80% of maximal work rate. At the end of cycling, patients underwent muscle stretching for 10 min and the session was then completed with upper extremity and trunk muscle conditioning free weight exercises. Trained medical and physical therapist staff supervised patients during the whole session.

2.3 Statistical analysis
Computations were performed using the SPSS for Windows statistical software package (SPSS° Inc., version 12.0, Chicago, IL). Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD). In all continuous variables, the distribution was assessed by means of the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. Normally distributed variables were compared by paired t-test and non-normally distributed variables by Wilcoxon's signed rank test. A p value of less than 0.05 was considered significant.


   3. Results
Top
 Abstract
 1. Introduction
 2. Patients and methods
 3. Results
4. Discussion
 References
 
During the study period, 12 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria and all completed the four-week preoperative PR programme. There were 10 men and 2 women, with a mean age of 71 ± 4 years and with a mean body mass Index (BMI) of 27 ± 5. The PFT and C-PET records of these patients prior to and after PR are shown in Table 1 . A statistically significant mean improvement of 2.8 ml/kg/min of VO2max was found (13.5 ± 1.3 vs 16.3 ± 1.9 ml/kg/min; p < 0.001), and the individuals gaining in VO2/max are shown in Fig. 1 . VO2max at anaerobic threshold (p < 0.016 vs baseline) workload capacity (p < 0.001 vs baseline) and oxygen pulse (p < 0.007 vs baseline) also resulted as having significantly improved at the end of PR.


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		Table 1 Resting pulmonary function test and cardio-pulmonary exercise test data in 12 patients prior to and after PR
 

Figure 1
View larger version (8K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		Fig. 1. Changes in VO2/max in patients undergoing preoperative pulmonary rehabilitation.

 
In those 11 patients who underwent surgery, there were 4 upper right, 3 upper left, 2 lower left and 2 lower right lobectomies. Final pathological examination showed a diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma in 6 patients, adenocarcinoma in 4 and large-cell carcinoma in 1, respectively; definitive pathological staging yielded two Ia cases, five Ib cases, three IIb cases and one IIIa case.

No mortality was recorded; median hospital stay resulted as being 17.5 ± 14.8 days. Eight patients (73%) underwent a complicated postoperative course. In all of these cases, a pulmonary complication was recorded: 2 patients had atelectasis that regressed after chest physiotherapy, whereas the other 6 patients underwent a fiberoptic bronchoscopy for aspiration and bacteriological sampling. In 4 of these patients, a cricothyroid minitracheostomy was positioned 24 h after bronchoscopy; among these latter patients 1 had acute respiratory insufficiency and, after being admitted to the ICU for oro-tracheal intubation, was subsequently referred to the Respiratory Disease Unit (with an overall hospital stay of 56 days). A final diagnosis of pneumonia was made in 5 of these 8 patients. Concomitant atrial fibrillation occurred in 3 out of the 8 patients who had a pulmonary complication. Prolonged air leaks were observed in 3 cases.


   4. Discussion
Top
 Abstract
 1. Introduction
 2. Patients and methods
 3. Results
 4. Discussion
References
 
The indications for enrolling patients in PR are increasing; its use in a preoperative setting has recently been focused on by various reports. In 1998, Chumillas showed that preoperative breathing exercise could reduce postoperative pulmonary complications in patients undergoing upper abdominal surgery [13] and, in the setting of thoracic surgery, Weiner in 1997 showed that preoperative incentive spirometry and inspiratory muscle training could improve preoperative lung function [14]; Sekine has recently explored the efficacy of aggressive pulmonary exercise for 2 weeks preoperatively in the outcome of patients undergoing lung resection [15]. In these studies, however, preoperative PR did not include peripheral muscle training, which is known to play an essential role in reconditioning COPD patients. In this light, Cesario has very recently reported the results of inpatient preoperative PR including symptom-limited exercise and muscle electric stimulation in patients with NSCLC and with a very limited lung function; interestingly, PR led to improvement in the resting pulmonary function test and 6-min walking exercise, and some of these patients were able to undergo surgery with excellent results in terms of postoperative outcome [16].

The most frequently advocated limitation to the scheduling of a preoperative PR when there is a diagnosis of NSCLC is the necessity to carry out prompt surgical therapy of the malignancy; however, in a non-operative setting an intensive short-term PR programme of one month has demonstrated to be effective in ameliorating the conditioning of COPD patients and as such, the delay in the surgical treatment of NSCLC has not been found to affect its long-term prognosis [16,17].

Based on the stated point that the optimization of the respiratory function, lifestyle behaviour and global conditioning is the crucial goal during the preoperative evaluation of patients who are candidates for lung resection, and on the evidence that maximum oxygen capacity uptake is a strong predictor of postoperative outcome, we referred for preoperative PR those COPD patients who presented with a preoperative degree of exercise capacity impairment carrying a high risk of surgical morbidity and mortality according to Smith. The latter, by correcting the oxygen uptake for body weight, found 100% of patients with preoperative VO2max values lower than 15 ml/kg/min to have a postoperative cardio-pulmonary complication; further studies have indicated a threshold of VO2max greater than 15 ml/kg/min as a safe cut-off point for performing pulmonary resection [18–20].

Thanks to our comprehensive PR intervention in these high-risk surgical patients, we were able to obtain an improvement in the integrative response to exercise despite the absence of changes in resting PFT; doubtless because of the very small number of patients enrolled in the study and because of the absence of a control group, no conclusion could be drawn as to the clinical impact that the improvement in the conditioning status might have on postoperative outcome. Nonetheless, the demonstration of the possibility to obtain an amelioration in exercise capacity would seem to be an important starting point for the extensive exploration of the role played by preoperative maximization of conditioning status in the postoperative course of lung resection and in the time taken to return to full exercise performance after surgical trauma and loss of lung volume [21]. Finally, as exercise intolerance still remains a main factor limiting surgical therapy in COPD patients with NSCLC [22], preoperative PR could be employed in order to select possible surgical candidates.


   References
Top
 Abstract
 1. Introduction
 2. Patients and methods
 3. Results
 4. Discussion
 References
 

  1. Nici L, Donner C, Wouters E, Zuwallack R, Ambrosino N, Bourbeau J, Carone M, Celli B, Engelen M, Fahy B, Garvey C, Goldstein R, Gosselink R, Lareau S, MacIntyre N, Maltais F, Morgan M, O’Donnell D, Prefault C, Reardon J, Rochester C, Schols A, Singh S, Troosters T. ATS/ERS pulmonary rehabilitation writing. American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society statement on pulmonary rehabilitation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006;173:1390-1413.[Free Full Text]
  2. Trooster T, Casaburi R, Gosselink, Decramer M. Pulmonary rehabilitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005;172:19-38.[Free Full Text]
  3. ATS/ACCP Statement on cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003;167:211–77.
  4. National Emphysema Treatment Trial Research Group Rationale and design of the National Emphysema Treatment Trial (NETT): a prospective randomized trial of lung volume reduction surgery. Chest 1999;116:1750-1761.[CrossRef][Medline]
  5. Bartels MN, Kim H, Whiteson JH, Alba AS. Pulmonary Rehabilitation in patients undergoing Lung-Volume Reduction Surgery. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2006;87:84-88.
  6. Ries AL, Make BJ, Lee SM, National Emphysema Treatment Trial Research Group The effects of pulmonary rehabilitation in the national emphysema treatment. Chest 2005;128:799-809.
  7. Moy ML, Ingenito EP, Mentzer SJ, Evans RB, Reilly Jr. JJ. Health-related quality of life improves following pulmonary rehabilitation and lung volume reduction surgery. Chest 1999;115:383-389.[CrossRef][Medline]
  8. Naunheim KS, Wood DE, Krasna MJ, DeCamp MM, Ginsburg ME, McKenna RJ, Criner J, Hoffman EA, Sternberg AL, Deschamps C. National Emphysema Treatment Trial Research Group Predictors of operative mortality and cardiopulmonary morbidity in the National Emphysema Treatment Trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2006;131:43-53.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  9. Takaoka ST, Weinacker AB. The value of preoperative pulmonary rehabilitation. Thorac Surg Clin 2005;15:203-211.[CrossRef][Medline]
  10. Celli BR. Chronic respiratory failure after lung resection: the role of pulmonary rehabilitation. Thorac Surg Clin 2004;14:417-428.[CrossRef][Medline]
  11. Wilson DJ. Pulmonary rehabilitation exercise program for high-risk thoracic surgical patients. Chest Surg Clin N Am 1997;7:697-706.[Medline]
  12. Chumillas S, Ponce JL, Delgado F, Viciano V, Mateu M. Prevention of postoperative pulmonary complications through respiratory rehabilitation: a controlled clinical study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1998;79:5-9.[CrossRef][Medline]
  13. Sekine Y, Chiyo M, Iwata T, Yasufuku K, Furukawa S, Amada Y, Iyoda A, Shibuya K, Iizasa T, Fujisawa T. Perioperative rehabilitation and physiotherapy for lung cancer patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Jpn J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2005;53:237-243.[Medline]
  14. Weiner P, Man A, Weiner M, Rabner M, Waizman J, Magadle R, Zamir D, Greiff Y. The effect of incentive spirometry and inspiratory muscle training on pulmonary function after lung resection. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1997;113:552-557.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  15. Cesario A, Ferri L, Galetta D, Cardaci V, Piraino A, Bonassi S, Russo P, Sterzi S, Margaritora S, Granone P. Pre-operative pulmonary rehabilitation and surgery for lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2007;57:118-119.[CrossRef][Medline]
  16. Fuchs-Climent D, Le Gallais D, Varray A, Desplan J, Cadopi M, Prefaut C. Quality of life and exercise tolerance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: effects of a short and intensive inpatient rehabilitation program. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 1999;78:330-335.[CrossRef][Medline]
  17. Quarterman RL, McMillan A, Ratcliffe MB, Block MI. Effect of preoperative delay on prognosis for patients with early stage non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2003;125:108-113.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  18. Smith TP, Kinasewitz GT, Tucker WY. Exercise capacity as a predictor of post thoracotomy morbidity. Am Rev Respir Dis 1984;129:730-734.[Medline]
  19. Bechard D, Wetstein L. Assessment of exercise oxygen consumption as a preoperative criterion for lung resection. Ann Thorac Surg 1987;44:344-349.[Abstract]
  20. Bolliger CT, Jordan P, Soler Ml Skarvan K, Elsasser S, Gonon M, Wyser C, Tamm M. Exercise capacity as a predictor of postoperative complications in lung resection candidates. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 1995;151:1472-1480.[Abstract]
  21. Bobbio A, Chetta A, Carbognani P, Internullo E, Verduri A, Sansebastiano G, Rusca M, Olivieri D. Changes in pulmonary function test and cardio-pulmonary exercise capacity in COPD patients after lobar pulmonary resection. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2005;28:754-758.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  22. Baser S, Shannon VR, Eapen GA, Jimenez CA, Onn A, Keus L, Lin E, Morice RC. Pulmonary dysfunction as a major cause of inoperability among patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Lung Cancer 2006;7:344-349.[Medline]



This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 Eur Respir JHome page
A. Brunelli, A. Charloux, C. T. Bolliger, G. Rocco, J-P. Sculier, G. Varela, M. Licker, M. K. Ferguson, C. Faivre-Finn, R. M. Huber, et al.
ERS/ESTS clinical guidelines on fitness for radical therapy in lung cancer patients (surgery and chemo-radiotherapy)
Eur. Respir. J., July 1, 2009; 34(1): 17 - 41.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg.Home page
A. Bobbio, A. Chetta, E. Internullo, L. Ampollini, P. Carbognani, S. Bettati, M. Rusca, and D. Olivieri
Exercise capacity assessment in patients undergoing lung resection
Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., March 1, 2009; 35(3): 419 - 422.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.Home page
E. J. Coups, B. J. Park, M. B. Feinstein, R. M. Steingart, B. L. Egleston, D. J. Wilson, and J. S. Ostroff
Physical Activity among Lung Cancer Survivors: Changes across the Cancer Trajectory and Associations with Quality of Life
Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., February 1, 2009; 18(2): 664 - 672.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to Personal Folders
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow Author home page(s):
Antonio Bobbio
Luca Ampollini
Paolo Carbognani
Michele Rusca
Right arrow Permission Requests
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Bobbio, A.
Right arrow Articles by Olivieri, D.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Bobbio, A.
Right arrow Articles by Olivieri, D.
Related Collections
Right arrow Lung - cancer
Right arrow Lung - other

HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
ANN THORAC SURG ASIAN CARDIOVASC THORAC ANN EUR J CARDIOTHORAC SURG
J THORAC CARDIOVASC SURG ICVTS ALL CTSNet JOURNALS