EJCTS Click here for details of sales representative
HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced]


     

Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2008;33:409-417. doi:10.1016/j.ejcts.2007.12.018
Copyright © 2008, European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery. Published by Elsevier. All rights reserved.
This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to Personal Folders
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow Author home page(s):
Marcelo G. Cardarelli
Right arrow Permission Requests
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Tajik, M.
Right arrow Articles by Cardarelli, M. G.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Tajik, M.
Right arrow Articles by Cardarelli, M. G.
Related Collections
Right arrow Mechanical Circulatory Assistance

Review

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation after cardiac arrest in children: what do we know?

Myrthe Tajika, Marcelo G. Cardarellib,*

a School of Medicine and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
b University of Maryland Medical Center, Division of Cardiac Surgery, Baltimore, Maryland, United States

Received 3 October 2007; received in revised form 13 December 2007; accepted 14 December 2007.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 410 328 5842; fax: +1 410 328 2750. (Email: mcard001{at}umaryland.edu).


   Abstract
Top
 Abstract
1. Introduction
 2. Methods
 3. Results
 4. Discussion
 5. Conclusions
 Appendix A
 Appendix B
 Appendix C
 References
 
The use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) as a resuscitative measure during or after manual cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) shows sharply contrasting results. To assess the added value of ECMO in this situation and looking for predictors of mortality we performed a meta-analysis of individual patients collected from observational studies. An electronic Pubmed search restricted to English language publications between 1990 and 2007 using a consensus restrictive criterion retrieved 462 titles. Of those, 93 abstracts were considered appropriate for full text evaluation with 37 articles being included in our meta-analysis. In addition, unpublished data on a series of 98 non-duplicated patients from the author of one of the included studies was added. Data on 288 individually identified patients with a median age of 0.50 years and a median weight was 4.5 kg and demonstrated an overall survival to hospital discharge of 39.6% (114/288). Neurological complications were common, affecting 27% of all patients (77/288) and 14% of those discharged alive (16/114). Other common complications were renal failure (25%) and sepsis (17%). Odds ratios for mortality were higher for the presence of: any complication (OR 3.9, 95% CL 2.3–6.4), neurological (OR 3.3, 95% CL 1.7–6.1), renal (OR 5.1, 95% CL 2.5–10.3) and when the implementation of ECMO took >30 min (OR 2.1, 95% CL 1.1–3.8). Neck vessels cannulation had a lower association with mortality (p < .001). Simple rate comparison between manual CPR alone and the use of emergency ECMO shows a difference on survival to discharge of 12–23%. Its effectiveness is higher when implemented in the first 30 min after arrest. Age and weight do not seem to influence mortality. The incidence of complications is high, particularly neurological and renal, having a strong influence on survival. The specific characteristics of the neurological complications and their long-term effects on survivors are poorly reported in the literature.

Key Words: ECMO • Children • Pediatric • Cardiac arrest


   1. Introduction
Top
 Abstract
 1. Introduction
2. Methods
 3. Results
 4. Discussion
 5. Conclusions
 Appendix A
 Appendix B
 Appendix C
 References
 
In 1976, Bartlett et al. reported on the first neonate suffering from meconium aspiration syndrome successfully treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) [1]. Since then the indications for use of ECMO have expanded considerably, including support for respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), burns [2], myocarditis [3], bridge to transplant [4], cardiac support after cardiac surgery [5] and meningitis [6].

One of those expanded indications is the use of ECMO as a resuscitative measure in the presence of cardiac arrest. The results of this approach are widely variable and based on a number of small case series and case reports. Indications for ECMO under these circumstances are based on personal experiences, subjective considerations and ECMO availability at a particular center rather than evidence based criteria.

The objective of our review and meta-analysis was primarily to find predictors of mortality for this group of patients in extreme conditions. We were also interested in assessing the added value of the use of ECMO in the presence of cardiac arrest of any cause.


   2. Methods
Top
 Abstract
 1. Introduction
 2. Methods
3. Results
 4. Discussion
 5. Conclusions
 Appendix A
 Appendix B
 Appendix C
 References
 
2.1 Search strategy
After obtaining an IRB review and exemption, we performed an electronic database search of Pubmed from January 1990 to March 2007 with the following search terms: ECMO, extracorporeal life support (ECLS), heart arrest, resuscitation, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), and using the limit function for ‘humans’ (Search Terms: Appendix A).

One reviewer (MT) read the 462 abstracts retrieved in the search to identify articles appropriate for full text evaluation. The complete article was reviewed if no abstract was available. All selected articles met the pre-established inclusion criteria and individual patients were identifiable throughout the course of therapy and very detailed information (demographic and clinical) was retrieved.

Once a paper was accepted for inclusion in the meta-analysis (MA), individual patients were identified from each publication and a unique identifier was assigned. Data on a number of variables were tracked and recorded (demographic, hospital course and survival to discharge) for each individually identified patient. We also contacted the authors of the included papers when the data available in the study was insufficient.

In addition, unpublished data on a series of patients from the author of one of the included studies was then added [7].

2.2 Inclusion and exclusion criteria
All case reports and observational studies reporting on pediatric patients treated with ECMO after a witnessed cardiac arrest were considered and individually evaluated.

All the included patients were children (0–18 years) who underwent treatment with ECMO for cardiac arrest independently of cause. We defined cardiac arrest as chest compressions or defibrillation being administered for a non-perfusing cardiac rhythm.

Publications in languages other than English were excluded. Studies reporting on patients with an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, uncertain onset time of cardiac arrest or elective treatment with ECMO were also excluded.

To achieve further accuracy in our estimations, individual authors of papers that fell short of our inclusion criteria were contacted to request a full set of data for each patient. If, after contacting the author, the individual patient data were still insufficient to validate our statistical analysis those studies were excluded.

Information on the authors, institution, population and dates were reviewed to identify duplicate publications. When identified, duplicated patients in consecutive reports from the same institution or author were excluded. Patient data not reported in the original article but available in the duplicated article were included without duplicating patients.

In summary, our search yielded 462 titles, in turn leading to 93 abstracts considered appropriate for full text evaluation, of which 37 articles were included in the MA, including 19 clinical series and 18 case reports [2–6,8–39]. The reasons for article exclusion were: failing the predetermined inclusion criteria [40–52], involving adult patient population [53–68] and inability to obtain detailed patient information [69–94]. For a search strategy explanation see Fig. 1 .


Figure 1
View larger version (25K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		Fig. 1. This figure shows the search strategy decision tree. Starting with the 462 titles identified by our search terms 370 were excluded without further consideration due to lack of relevant data or language other than English. Meanwhile, after reading abstracts, 92 articles were considered to be worthy of full text evaluation. Of those, 55 articles were excluded based on lack of relevance for our study (13) or involving adult patients (16), while 26 were excluded despite being relevant to our meta-analysis due to our inability to extract from them specific individual patient data, even after contacting the authors. All full text evaluated papers are included in our bibliography.

 
2.3 Statistical analysis
Unadjusted odds ratios of dying before hospital discharge were calculated using logistic regression with single independent variables. The independent variables crudely associated with dying by discharge were considered when developing multiple logistic regression models (SAS System Software package).

2.4 Rationale for selection and coding of data
Due to the large number of non-standardized diagnoses reported in the included studies we created a classification system that included six groups of patients to facilitate analysis.

Because of the variety and nomenclature issues, all patients included in the MA and diagnosed with congenital heart disease (CHD) were placed under a single group (Group 1). A detailed account of diagnosis and survival for patients within this group is shown in Appendix B.

Groups 2 through 4 included patients with other cardiac/pulmonary diagnoses (i.e. cardiomyopathies, myocarditis, RDS, graft failure after heart transplant, etc.) and Group 5 was used to accommodate miscellaneous patients (burns, drug overdose, meningitis, and others). Diagnostic groups, the number of patients in each and the hospital survival with its percentage are shown in Table 1 .


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		Table 1 Patients included in the meta-analysis according to initial diagnosis
 
The following data were collected as a dichotomous variable: proximity of ECMO initiation to a perioperative event, CPR during setup, use of rapid deployment ECMO, ECMO mode, complications, and survival to discharge.

The following independent variables were entered as continuous values: age, weight, duration of CPR, ECMO timing, setup time, cannulation technique, cannulation site, initiation setting of ECMO, length on ECMO, and outcome. For a list the all the variables collected and their data format see Table 2 .


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		Table 2 This table shows the 27 data points collected on each individually identified patient
 
Technique used for left heart decompression, reason for withdrawal of ECMO support, and cause of death were recorded for each individual, but not used in the MA analysis due to lack of information in a large number of patients.


   3. Results
Top
 Abstract
 1. Introduction
 2. Methods
 3. Results
4. Discussion
 5. Conclusions
 Appendix A
 Appendix B
 Appendix C
 References
 
A total of 288 patients were individually identified from the included articles as treated with ECMO as a rescue modality after suffering a witnessed cardiac arrest. The majority of them belonged to Group 1 (n = 180). Median age was 0.50 years (range 0–18.92) and the median weight was 4.50 kg (range 1.40–88.00).

Overall, only 114/288 (39.6%) patients on whom ECMO was used as life support after cardiac arrest survived to hospital discharge.

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation was initiated concurrently with CPR in 176 (70%) of 251 patients for whom this information was available. Veno-arterial ECMO was used in 283 of the cases (99.6%).

Data on the technique employed for cannulation were available for all 288 patients, with the majority (63%) cannulated through an open chest. The trigger event for initiation of ECMO was a cardiac arrest during the perioperative period in 75% of patients. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation was initiated in the intensive care unit (ICU) in 166 (70%) of 236 patients for whom this data were accessible.

Duration of ECMO support was available for 270 patients with a median length of 4.3 days (range 0.03–90.00 days). This variable was not significantly associated with survival to discharge.

The overall occurrence of complications was high (59% of all patients). The most commonly occurring complications were neurological (27%), renal (25%) and sepsis (17%). Multisystem organ failure (9%), liver failure (8%) and bleeding (7%) in the included series had a lower incidence than expected.

The outcome of the ECMO course was known for 274 of 288 patients (95.1%). Patients were weaned from ECMO (136/274), died on ECMO (115/274), were successfully bridged to transplant (13/274) or to a ventricular assist device (10/274).

3.1 Univariable analysis
Odds ratio for mortality before discharge were higher for the presence of any complication (OR 3.9, 95% CL 2.3–6.4), neurological complications (OR 3.3, 95% CL 1.7–6.1), renal complications (OR 5.1, 95% CL 2.5–10.3) and when the implementation of ECMO took more than 30 min (OR 2.1, 95% CL 1.1–3.8). Cannulation of the neck vessels had a statistically significant lower association with mortality (p < 0.001). The use of ECMO after cardiac arrest in surgical patients (OR 1.9, 95% CL 1.6–3.3) and during the postoperative period (OR 2, 95% CL 1.1–3.7) was related to a significantly higher mortality than when used in non-surgical patients.

3.2 Multivariable analysis
A multivariable analysis of the independent variables based on maximum likelihood estimates led to the following conclusions. The absence of a rapid deployment system (ECMO set up under 30 min) and the development of neurological or renal complications were predictors of hospital mortality (Table 3 ).


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		Table 3 Multivariable odds ratio estimates
 
Patients with cardiac arrest due to a diagnosis of dilated, restrictive or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, Chagas disease, endocardial fibroelastosis and myocarditis had a lower mortality than any of the other diagnostic categories (estimate –1.3, SE ± 0.5). Similarly to our univariable findings, cannulation of the neck vessels also had lower hospital mortality (estimate –1.7, SE ± 0.5)


   4. Discussion
Top
 Abstract
 1. Introduction
 2. Methods
 3. Results
 4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
 Appendix A
 Appendix B
 Appendix C
 References
 
4.1 Limitations of a meta-analysis
When running a meta-analysis like ours, data extracted from the published studies should be homogeneous and representative of the population of patients with similar treatment but not included in the MA. Lack of sample representativeness or ecological bias, may be introduced to a MA by including studies with an incomplete set of data [95] or by the inclusion of publications reporting only positive results, a phenomenon known as publication bias. Patients taken from such studies may not share some of the characteristics of the population subjected to the treatment in question [95].

To assess for these forms of confounding we compared data between included and excluded studies and found a similar survival rate (39%) for the 321 excluded patients for whom outcome was available. We also retrieved data from the extracorporeal life support organization (ELSO) registry to corroborate our findings. The international summary listed a 38% and 40% survival to discharge or transfer for pediatric patients recorded in the ELSO database as having undergone extracorporeal life support after CPR [96].

In general, when meta-analyses are conducted, the results from the included studies are summarized, combining biases and differences in the designs of those studies [95]. This shortcoming also applies to our review, where most of the included studies had a retrospective design.

A particularly common statistical error in MA, the so-called unit of analysis error, occurs when individual patient data is analyzed as independent observations after extraction from cluster randomized trials. We believe our MA is free from such error since our data was extracted from non-randomized small group series and case reports.

4.2 Clinical discussion
Several recent studies show that pediatric patients who undergo CPR after experiencing a cardiac arrest in a hospital setting have a poor survival rate [97–104]. The survival to hospital discharge after cardiopulmonary resuscitation vary from 16% to 22% on small series using the Utstein Guidelines [97,98,102] and from 22% to 27% in studies reporting on patients from the National Registry of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (NRCPR database) [99,104] (Appendix C). Variations on CPR outcomes may be due to a soft definition of cardiac arrest or unclear CPR protocols [100,101,103]. Using a more uniform system like the one used by the American Heart Association (Pediatric Utstein reporting style) [105] on their NRCPR, allows far more relevant comparisons among studies.

Without further statistical manipulation, a simple rate comparison between range of CPR survivorship (16–27%) and the survival rate found in our meta-analysis (39.6%) would indicate that, when faced with cardiac arrest, the use of ECMO may have a rough ‘added value’ of between 12% and 23% on the survival rate over manual CPR alone [97,98,99,102,105].

Since its institution as a rescue modality for cardiac arrest, ECMO has continued to gain followers reporting encouraging results when compared to the use of CPR as therapy [70,100,106]. Despite the growing enthusiasm, to date only small series and case reports [2,4,20,23] on the use of ECMO after CPR, have been published. To our knowledge, no large series or meta-analysis on ECMO as a rescue modality after witnessed cardiac arrest in pediatric patients has been done.

The literature on cardiac arrest unresponsive to CPR treated with ECMO as a resuscitative measure of last resort shows sharply contrasting results. Very small series (4–5 patients) showing survivals as low as 0% [27] or as high as 100% [17] are unlikely representatives of the general experience. Larger series (12–19 patients) show equally dispersed results with survivals between 6% and 79% [8,11,18].

More representative survival rates (between 25% and 42%) have been reported in studies from institutions using ECMO and/or ventricular assist devices after CPR in their pediatric patients [70,100], but the populations included in these studies show wide diagnostic diversity, some controversial indications for the use of ECMO and inconsistencies in outcome measures.

When confronted with such a wide spectrum of results the need for a review and meta-analysis seems not only justified but also essential. It is only when solid data becomes available that evidence based medicine can be practiced, truly informed consent can be given and health officials can plan cost-effective strategies.

A recurring point in the cardiopulmonary resuscitation literature is the relationship between duration of CPR, return of the systemic circulation (ROSC) and outcome.

Our review shows that patients placed on ECMO to restore systemic circulation had a longer duration of CPR than those children with spontaneous ROSC (55 min vs 34 min), although this difference did not have a statistically significant impact on survival to discharge.

Accordingly, de Mos et al. found that the median resuscitation period was shorter in children with ROSC than those without it (4 min vs 23 min, p = 0.009), yet the length of the resuscitation period had no influence on ICU stay (4 min vs 10 min, p = 0.40) or hospital discharge (4 min vs 10 min, p = 0.31) [70].

A number of authors have speculated that expeditious establishment of ECMO shortens the duration of CPR therefore positively influencing the outcome, yet none of these studies found a significant difference in CPR duration between survivors and non-survivors [8,11,13,20,85]. A study by Aharon et al. found that CPR time beyond 45 min in patients treated with ECMO tended to have poor survival, however the sample size was small (n = 10) and no statistical value is mentioned [69]. Several other studies did not find a statistically significant relationship between the duration of CPR and hospital survival [8,11,13,20,85].

On his seminal paper on rapid ECMO deployment as a means of shortening CPR time, Duncan et al. showed that the resuscitation period was over 30 min shorter when compared to historical patients, although this was not statistically significant (p = 0.085) [13]. In concordance with our findings, survival in his paper was better for the rapid deployment group (7/11 survivors, 64%) compared to the historical controls (2/7 survivors, 29%), however, these results did not reach statistical significance probably due to the low number of patients (p = 0.15) [13].

We could speculate that a rapid deployment ECMO setup can be readied in a shorter amount of time, theoretically shortening the duration of CPR and limiting the chances of neurological injury and end-organ damage [8,13]. Consequently, some of the above mentioned authors concluded that a rapid deployment ECMO circuit should be on stand-by at their own institutions [18,22].

Overall, the development of any type of complications among patients included in the MA was high (59%) with neurological complications being the most commonly reported (27%). After survival, a neurological complication would have the biggest impact on the quality of life for the patients discharged alive with it. Unfortunately, the assertion of impaired neurological outcome in ECMO survivors is often poorly defined as they are reported as secondary outcomes in the included studies [4,12,13,17,22]. The literature on ECMO and neurological complications reflects the results on mixed populations, with small subgroups of patients undergoing CPR before ECMO initiation. No study that we know of specifically addresses neurological outcomes after CPR followed by ECMO support.

Studies reporting on neurological outcome after ECMO support show a wide spectrum of results and major limitations due to differences in assessment of neuro-developmental outcome, small survivor numbers or weak study design [4,8,17,18,74,81,85]. Consequently, the rates of neurological complications in our review are at best an underestimation.

The relationship between neck vessels cannulation and survival to discharge is an open question. One may assume that patients cannulated through the chest had, in the majority undergone open-heart surgery and since surgical patients did fare worse than medical ones the results are obvious. We may also speculate that neck vessel cannulation is an indirect marker of the calmness of the situation, meaning that ROSC has occurred and CPR was interrupted, allowing for a relatively less dramatic form of cannulation. Regardless of the reason, further visitation on this matter is probably needed.

Age and weight disparity among patients in this cohort makes analysis of this variable as a predictor of mortality unreliable. Nevertheless, when patients were separated in two groups, neonates (age <30 days) and everyone else, age and weight continued to have no statistical effect on mortality. Bleeding was reported as a complication in only 7% of patients included in the MA. Such a low rate for an otherwise expected complication in patients undergoing mechanical circulatory support is likely due to under-reporting in the original studies.

Finally, technological and critical care management changes over the last 18 years have greatly transformed the way ECMO is carried out. Data on the majority of patients included in the MA (232/288) came from studies published after the year 2000. Even though our meta-analysis was not designed to specifically address the evolution of ECMO, we speculate that these results closely reflect currently used techniques and protocols.


   5. Conclusions
Top
 Abstract
 1. Introduction
 2. Methods
 3. Results
 4. Discussion
 5. Conclusions
Appendix A
 Appendix B
 Appendix C
 References
 
When faced with witnessed cardiopulmonary arrest in children, the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is more effective than CPR alone, but still carries a very high mortality and morbidity.

The incidence of complications, particularly neurological and renal is high, having the strongest influence on hospital survival. A non-surgical admitting diagnosis, the availability of a rapid deployment ECMO system and cannulation of the neck vessels seem to have a beneficial effect on outcome. With neurological complications being so frequent and their reporting so unspecific, a standardization of neurological outcomes should be instituted for patients on ECMO in order to improve long-term quality of life comparisons. This work could serve as the foundation for a cost-benefit analysis of the emergency use of ECMO during cardiac arrest in hospitalized children.


   Appendix A
Top
 Abstract
 1. Introduction
 2. Methods
 3. Results
 4. Discussion
 5. Conclusions
 Appendix A
Appendix B
 Appendix C
 References
 
Text of the query as entered on PubMed

(((‘extracorporeal membrane oxygenation’ [TIAB] NOT Medline [SB]) OR ‘extracorporeal membrane oxygenation’ [MeSH Terms] OR ECMO [Text Word]) OR ECLS [All Fields]) AND (((‘heart arrest’ [TIAB] NOT Medline [SB]) OR ‘heart arrest’ [MeSH Terms] OR cardiac arrest [Text Word]) OR (‘resuscitation’ [MeSH Terms] OR resuscitation [Text Word]) OR CPR [All Fields]) AND ‘humans’ [MeSH Terms].


   Appendix B
Top
 Abstract
 1. Introduction
 2. Methods
 3. Results
 4. Discussion
 5. Conclusions
 Appendix A
 Appendix B
Appendix C
 References
 
Detailed account of diagnosis and survival for patients for Group 1

Subcategories under congenital heart disease patient group according to the anatomical classificatory categories of the Society of Thoracic Surgeons database for CHD


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]

 
 
ASD, atrial septum defect; VSD, ventricular septum defect; CAVC, complete atrioventricular canal; AP, aortopulmonary; TAPVR, total anomalous pulmonary venous return; PAPVR, partial anomalous pulmonary venous return; TOF, tetrology of Fallot; HLHS, hypoplastic left heart syndrome; DORV, double outlet right ventricle; CoA, coartation of aorta; ALCAPA, anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery; IAA, interrupted aortic arch.


   Appendix C
Top
 Abstract
 1. Introduction
 2. Methods
 3. Results
 4. Discussion
 5. Conclusions
 Appendix A
 Appendix B
 Appendix C
References
 
CPR outcomes

CPR outcomes on papers reporting according to the Utstein Guidelines [106]


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]

 
 


   Acknowledgments
 
Our thanks to Dr Min Zhan from the Department of Epidemiology at University of Maryland School of Medicine for her help with the statistical work.

Our gratitude to the contacted authors, who generously responded our multiple inquires.

We would also like to thank Dr Kamala Littleton for her effort in reviewing and editing this paper.


   References
Top
 Abstract
 1. Introduction
 2. Methods
 3. Results
 4. Discussion
 5. Conclusions
 Appendix A
 Appendix B
 Appendix C
 References
 

  1. Bartlett RH, Gazzaniga AB, Jefferies MR, Huxtable RF, Haiduc NJ, Fong SW. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) cardiopulmonary support in infancy. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 1976;22:80-93.[Medline]
  2. Cedidi C, Hierner R, Pichlmaier M, Forssmann WG, Meyer M. Survival of severe ARDS with five-organ system failure following burns and inhalation injury in a 15-year old patient. Burns 2003;29:389-394.[Medline]
  3. Moreno-Cabral CE, Moreno-Cabral RJ, McNamara JJ, Dembitsky WP, Adamson RM. Prolonged extracorporeal circulation for acute myocarditis. Int J Artif Organs 1992;15:475-480.[Medline]
  4. Bae JO, Frischer JS, Waich M, Addonizio LJ, Lazar EL, Stolar CJ. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in pediatric cardiac transplantation. J Pediatr Surg 2005;40:1051-1056[discussion 1056–1057].[CrossRef][Medline]
  5. Baslaim G, Bashore J, Al-Malki F, Jamjoom A. Can the outcome of pediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation after cardiac surgery be predicted?. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2006;12:21-27.[Medline]
  6. Goldman AP, Kerr SJ, Butt W, Marsh MJ, Murdoch IA, Paul T, Firmin RK, Tasker RC, Macrae DJ. Extracorporeal support for intractable cardiorespiratory failure due to meningococcal disease. Lancet 1997;349:466-469.[CrossRef][Medline]
  7. Huang S-C, Wu E-T, Chen Y-S, Chang C-I, Chiu I-S, Wang S-S, Lin F-Y, Ko W-J. Data on 98 patients provided to the authors by Dr. Wen-Je Ko, SICU director, Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
  8. Allan CK, Thiagarajan RR, Armsby LR, del Nido PJ, Laussen PC. Emergent use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation during pediatric cardiac catheterization. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2006;7:212-219.[CrossRef][Medline]
  9. Al-Takrouri H, Martin TW, Mayhew JF. Hyperkalemic cardiac arrest following succinylcholine administration: The use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in an emergency situation. J Clin Anesth 2004;16:449-451.[CrossRef][Medline]
  10. Azzam FJ, Fiore AC. Postoperative junctional ectopic tachycardia. Can J Anaesth 1998;45:898-902.[Medline]
  11. Dalton HJ, Siewers RD, Fuhrman BP, Del Nido P, Thompson AE, Shaver MG, Dowhy M. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for cardiac rescue in children with severe myocardial dysfunction. Crit Care Med 1993;21:1020-1028.[Medline]
  12. del Nido PJ, Dalton HJ, Thompson AE, Siewers RD. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenator rescue in children during cardiac arrest after cardiac surgery. Circulation 1992;86:II300-II304.[Medline]
  13. Duncan BW, Ibrahim AE, Hraska V, del Nido PJ, Laussen PC, Wessel DL, Mayer Jr. JE, Bower LK, Jonas RA. Use of rapid-deployment extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for the resuscitation of pediatric patients with heart disease after cardiac arrest. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1998;116:305-311.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  14. Durward A, Guerguerian AM, Lefebvre M, Shemie SD. Massive diltiazem overdose treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2003;4:372-376.[CrossRef][Medline]
  15. Frey TK, Chopra A, Lin RJ, Levy RJ, Gruber P, Rheingold SR, Hoehn KS. A child with anterior mediastinal mass supported with veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2006;7:479-481.[CrossRef][Medline]
  16. Gales H, Fisher R. The exceptionally rare (sic) Common Scoter. J Pediatr Surg 2006;41:e25-e27.[Medline]
  17. Ghez O, Feier H, Ughetto F, Fraisse A, Kreitmann B, Metras D. Postoperative extracorporeal life support in pediatric cardiac surgery: recent results. ASAIO J 2005;51:513-516.[Medline]
  18. Hamrick SE, Gremmels DB, Keet CA, Leonard CH, Connell JK, Hawgood S, Piecuch RE. Neurodevelopmental outcome of infants supported with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation after cardiac surgery. Pediatrics 2003;111:e671-e675.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  19. Hirschl RB, Heiss KF, Bartlett RH. Severe myocardial dysfunction during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Pediatr Surg 1992;27:48-53.[CrossRef][Medline]
  20. Hoskote A, Bohn D, Gruenwald C, Edgell D, Cai S, Adatia I, Van Arsdell G. Extracorporeal life support after staged palliation of a functional single ventricle: subsequent morbidity and survival. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2006;131:1114-1121.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  21. Hsing DD, Madikians A. True-true, unrelated: a case report. Pediatr Emerg Care 2005;21:755-759.[CrossRef][Medline]
  22. Jaggers JJ, Forbess JM, Shah AS, Meliones JN, Kirshbom PM, Miller CE, Ungerleider RM. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for infant postcardiotomy support: significance of shunt management. Ann Thorac Surg 2000;69:1476-1483.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  23. Kelly RB, Porter PA, Meier AH, Myers JL, Thomas NJ. Duration of cardiopulmonary resuscitation before extracorporeal rescue: how long is not long enough?. ASAIO J 2005;51:665-667.[CrossRef][Medline]
  24. Kihara S, Kawai A, Endo M, Koyanagi H, Kurosawa H. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and left ventricular assist device: a case of double mechanical bridge. Heart Vessels 2002;16:164-166.[CrossRef][Medline]
  25. Kukita I, Okamoto K, Kikuta K, Hamaguchi M, Okamoto T, Terasaki H. Inhaled nitric oxide followed by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in resuscitating a newborn with hypoxemia. Acta Paediatr Jpn 1998;40:91-92.[Medline]
  26. Ng GY, Hampson Evans DC, Murdoch LJ. Cardiovascular collapse after amiodarone administration in neonatal supraventicular tachycardia. Eur J Emerg Med 2003;10:323-325.[CrossRef][Medline]
  27. Pizarro C, Davis DA, Healy RM, Kerins PJ, Norwood WI. Is there a role for extracorporeal life support after stage I Norwood?. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2001;19:294-301.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  28. Pizarro C, Duncan D, Derby CD, Kerins P. Modified CPB circuit for postoperative rescue of high-risk patients following cardiac repair: are we keeping safe?. ASAIO J 2006;52:708-711.[CrossRef][Medline]
  29. Posner JC, Osterhoudt KC, Mollen CJ, Jacobstein CR, Nicolson SC, Gaynor JW. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a resuscitative measure in the pediatric emergency department. Pediatr Emerg Care 2000;16:413-415.[CrossRef][Medline]
  30. Smith T, Rosen DA, Russo P, Berkenbosch JW, Gustafson RA, Siu BL, Rosen KR, Tobias JD. Nesiritide during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Paediatr Anaesth 2005;15:152-157.[CrossRef][Medline]
  31. Taferner R, Golej J, Marx M, Trittenwein G. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation discontinuation despite technically successful reoperation: a case report. Artif Organs 1999;23:1041-1043.[CrossRef][Medline]
  32. Thomas JA, Raroque S, Scott WA, Toro-Figueroa LO, Levin DL. Successful treatment of severe dysrhythmias in infants with respiratory syncytial virus infections: two cases and a literature review. Crit Care Med 1997;25:880-886.[CrossRef][Medline]
  33. Thourani VH, Kirshbom PM, Kanter KR, Simsic J, Kogon BE, Wagoner S, Dykes F, Fortenberry J, Forbess JM. Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) in pediatric cardiac support. Ann Thorac Surg 2006;82:138-144discussion 144–135.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  34. von Allmen D, Ryckman FC. Cardiac arrest in the ECMO candidate. J Pediatr Surg 1991;26:143-146.[CrossRef][Medline]
  35. Ward KE, Tuggle DW, Gessouroun MR, Overholt ED, Mantor PC. Transseptal decompression of the left heart during ECMO for severe myocarditis. Ann Thorac Surg 1995;59:749-751.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  36. Willms DC, Atkins PJ, Dembitsky WP, Jaski BE, Gocka I. Analysis of clinical trends in a program of emergent ECLS for cardiovascular collapse. ASAIO J 1997;43:65-68.[Medline]
  37. Yamasaki Y, Hayashi T, Nakatani T, Yotsuida H, Nishigaki T, Takahashi Y, Inamori S, Kagisaki K, Hagino H, Ishizaka T, Yagihara T. Early experience with low-prime (99 ml) extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support in children. ASAIO J 2006;52:110-114.[CrossRef][Medline]
  38. Younger JG, Schreiner RJ, Swaniker F, Hirschl RB, Chapman RA, Bartlett RH. Extracorporeal resuscitation of cardiac arrest. Acad Emerg Med 1999;6:700-707.[Medline]
  39. Zobel G, Dacar D, Rigler B, Berger J, Metzler H. Prolonged extracorporeal organ support in a 2-year-old boy after cardiac surgery. Intensive Care Med 1994;20:368-370.[CrossRef][Medline]
  40. Brown KL, Shefler A, Cohen G, DeMunter C, Pigott N, Goldman AP. Near-fatal grape aspiration with complicating acute lung injury successfully treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2003;4:243-245.[CrossRef][Medline]
  41. Cengiz P, Seidel K, Rycus PT, Brogan TV, Roberts JS. Central nervous system complications during pediatric extracorporeal life support: incidence and risk factors. Crit Care Med 2005;33:2817-2824.[CrossRef][Medline]
  42. Culp KE, Augoustides JG, Ochroch AE, Milas BL. Clinical management of cardiogenic shock associated with prolonged propofol infusion. Anesth Analg 2004;99:221-226.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  43. del Nido PJ. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for cardiac support in children. Ann Thorac Surg 1996;61:336-339[discussion 340–331].[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  44. Dembitsky WP, Moreno-Cabral RJ, Adamson RM, Daily PO. Emergency resuscitation using portable extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Ann Thorac Surg 1993;55:304-309.[Abstract]
  45. Doski JJ, Butler TJ, Louder DS, Dickey LA, Cheu HW. Outcome of infants requiring cardiopulmonary resuscitation before extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Pediatr Surg 1997;32:1318-1321.[CrossRef][Medline]
  46. Gauger PG, Hirschl RB, Delosh TN, Dechert RE, Tracy T, Bartlett RH. A matched pairs analysis of venoarterial and venovenous extracorporeal life support in neonatal respiratory failure. ASAIO J 1995;41:M573-M579.[Medline]
  47. Gow KW, Wulkan ML, Heiss KF, Haight AE, Heard ML, Rycus P, Fortenberry JD. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for support of children after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization experience. J Pediatr Surg 2006;41:662-667.[CrossRef][Medline]
  48. Ishino K, Alexi-Meskishvili V, Weng Y, Loebe M, Uhlemann F, Lange PE, Hetzer R. Mechanical circulatory support for post cardiotomy cardiogenic shock in infants. ASAIO J 1996;42:M735-M738.[Medline]
  49. Kukita I, Okamoto K, Sato T, Shibata Y, Taki K, Kurose M, Terasaki H, Kohrogi H, Ando M. Emergency extracorporeal life support for patients with near-fatal status asthmaticus. Am J Emerg Med 1997;15:566-569.[CrossRef][Medline]
  50. Linden V, Karlen J, Olsson M, Palmer K, Ehren H, Henter JI, Kalin M. Successful extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in four children with malignant disease and severe Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Med Pediatr Oncol 1999;32:25-31.[CrossRef][Medline]
  51. Meliones JN, Custer JR, Snedecor S, Moler FW, O’Rourke PP, Delius RE. Extracorporeal life support for cardiac assist in pediatric patients. Review of ELSO Registry data. Circulation 1991;84:III168-III172.[Medline]
  52. Noon GP, Lafuente JA, Irwin S. Acute and temporary ventricular support with BioMedicus centrifugal pump. Ann Thorac Surg 1999;68:650-654.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  53. Chen YS, Chao A, Yu HY, Ko WJ, Wu IH, Chen RJ, Huang SC, Lin FY, Wang SS. Analysis and results of prolonged resuscitation in cardiac arrest patients rescued by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;41:197-203.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  54. Hsu RB, Chien CY, Wang SS, Chu SH. Surgical revascularization for acute total occlusion of left main coronary artery. Tex Heart Inst J 2000;27:299-301.[Medline]
  55. Jaski BE, Lingle RJ, Overlie P, Favrot LK, Willms DC, Chillcott S, Dembitsky WP. Long-term survival with use of percutaneous extracorporeal life support in patients presenting with acute myocardial infarction and cardiovascular collapse. ASAIO J 1999;45:615-618.[Medline]
  56. Kawahito K, Murata S, Adachi H, Ino T, Fuse K. Resuscitation and circulatory support using extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for fulminant pulmonary embolism. Artif Organs 2000;24:427-430.[CrossRef][Medline]
  57. Kurose M, Okamoto K, Sato T, Kukita I, Shibata Y, Kikuta K, Terasaki H. The determinant of severe cerebral dysfunction in patients undergoing emergency extracorporeal life support following cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 1995;30:15-20.[CrossRef][Medline]
  58. Kurose M, Okamoto K, Sato T, Ogata K, Yasumoto M, Terasaki H, Morioka T. Extracorporeal life support for patients undergoing prolonged external cardiac massage. Resuscitation 1993;25:35-40.[CrossRef][Medline]
  59. Leprince P, Aubert S, Bonnet N, Rama A, Leger P, Bors V, Levasseur JP, Szefner J, Vaissier E, Pavie A, Gandjbakhch I. Peripheral extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in patients with posttransplant cardiac graft failure. Transplant Proc 2005;37:2879-2880.[CrossRef][Medline]
  60. Magovern Jr. GJ, Magovern JA, Benckart DH, Lazzara RR, Sakert T, Maher Jr. TD, Clark RE. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: preliminary results in patients with postcardiotomy cardiogenic shock. Ann Thorac Surg 1994;57:1462-1468discussion 1469–1471.[Abstract]
  61. Mair P, Hoermann C, Moertl M, Bonatti J, Falbesoner C, Balogh D. Percutaneous venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for emergency mechanical circulatory support. Resuscitation 1996;33:29-34.[CrossRef][Medline]
  62. Massetti M, Tasle M, Le Page O, Deredec R, Babatasi G, Buklas D, Thuaudet S, Charbonneau P, Hamon M, Grollier G, Gerard JL, Khayat A. Back from irreversibility: extracorporeal life support for prolonged cardiac arrest. Ann Thorac Surg 2005;79:178-183discussion 183–174.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  63. Perchinsky MJ, Long WB, Hill JG, Parsons JA, Bennett JB. Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary life support with heparin-bonded circuitry in the resuscitation of massively injured trauma patients. Am J Surg 1995;169:488-491.[CrossRef][Medline]
  64. Sobieszczanska-Malek M, Sypula S, Dabrowski M, Religa Z, Wolczyk J, Walczak E, Kaj-Mizerski J. Myocarditis complicated by cardiopulmonary shock, treated with extracorporeal assist device and heart transplantation. Transplant Proc 2002;34:645-647.[CrossRef][Medline]
  65. Szocik J, Rudich S, Csete M. ECMO resuscitation after massive pulmonary embolism during liver transplantation. Anesthesiology 2002;97:763-764.[Medline]
  66. Tiruvoipati R, Balasubramanian SK, Khoshbin E, Hadjinikolaou L, Sosnowski AW, Firmin RK. Successful use of venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in accidental hypothermic cardiac arrest. ASAIO J 2005;51:474-476.[CrossRef][Medline]
  67. Voelckel W, Wenzel V, Rieger M, Antretter H, Padosch S, Schobersberger W. Temporary extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in the treatment of acute traumatic lung injury. Can J Anaesth 1998;45:1097-1102.[Medline]
  68. Webb DP, McKamie WA, Pietsch JB. Resuscitation of fat embolism syndrome with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Extra Corpor Technol 2004;36:368-370.[Medline]
  69. Aharon AS, Drinkwater Jr. DC, Churchwell KB, Quisling SV, Reddy VS, Taylor M, Hix S, Christian KG, Pietsch JB, Deshpande JK, Kambam J, Graham TP, Chang PA. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in children after repair of congenital cardiac lesions. Ann Thorac Surg 2001;72:2095-2101[discussion 2101–2092].[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  70. de Mos N, van Litsenburg RR, McCrindle B, Bohn DJ, Parshuram CS. Pediatric intensive care unit cardiac arrest: incidence, survival, and predictive factors. Crit Care Med 2006;34:1209-1215.[CrossRef][Medline]
  71. Becker JA, Short BL, Martin GR. Cardiovascular complications adversely affect survival during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Crit Care Med 1998;26:1582-1586.[CrossRef][Medline]
  72. Bowen FW, Carboni AF, O’Hara ML, Pochettino A, Rosengard BR, Morris RJ, Gorman RC, Gorman 3rd JH, Acker MA. Application of "double bridge mechanical" resuscitation for profound cardiogenic shock leading to cardiac transplantation. Ann Thorac Surg 2001;72:86-90.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  73. Chaturvedi RR, Macrae D, Brown KL, Schindler M, Smith EC, Davis KB, Cohen G, Tsang V, Elliott M, de Leval M, Gallivan S, Goldman AP. Cardiac ECMO for biventricular hearts after paediatric open heart surgery. Heart 2004;90:545-551.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  74. Chow G, Koirala B, Armstrong D, McCrindle B, Bohn D, Edgell D, Coles J, de Veber G. Predictors of mortality and neurological morbidity in children undergoing extracorporeal life support for cardiac disease. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2004;26:38-43.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  75. Courcoulas AP, Reblock KK, Rowe MI, Ford HR. Cardiac arrest before repair or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation cannulation does not increase the mortality rate associated with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg 1997;32:953-956[discussion 956–957].[CrossRef][Medline]
  76. del Nido PJ, Armitage JM, Fricker FJ, Shaver M, Cipriani L, Dayal G, Park SC, Siewers RD. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support as a bridge to pediatric heart transplantation. Circulation 1994;90:II66-II69.[Medline]
  77. Dela Cruz TV, Stewart DL, Winston SJ, Weatherman KS, Phelps JL, Mendoza JC. Risk factors for intracranial hemorrhage in the extracorporeal membrane oxygenation patient. J Perinatol 1997;17:18-23.[Medline]
  78. Goldman AP, Macrae DJ, Tasker RC, Edberg KE, Mellgren G, Herberhold C, Jacobs JP, Delius RE, Elliott MJ. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to definitive tracheal surgery in children. J Pediatr 1996;128:386-388.[CrossRef][Medline]
  79. Hoefer D, Ruttmann E, Poelzl G, Kilo J, Hoermann C, Margreiter R, Laufer G, Antretter H. Outcome evaluation of the bridge-to-bridge concept in patients with cardiogenic shock. Ann Thorac Surg 2006;82:28-33.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  80. Huang SC, Wu ET, Chen YS, Chang CI, Chiu IS, Chi NH, Wu MH, Wang SS, Lin FY, Ko WJ. Experience with extracorporeal life support in pediatric patients after cardiac surgery. ASAIO J 2005;51:517-521.[CrossRef][Medline]
  81. Ibrahim AE, Duncan BW, Blume ED, Jonas RA. Long-term follow-up of pediatric cardiac patients requiring mechanical circulatory support. Ann Thorac Surg 2000;69:186-192.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  82. Marino BS, Wernovsky G, Rychik J, Bockoven JR, Godinez RI, Spray TL. Early results of the Ross procedure in simple and complex left heart disease. Circulation 1999;100:II162-II166.[Medline]
  83. McKay VJ, Stewart DL, Robinson TW, Cook LN, Austin III EH. Preoperative versus postoperative extracorporeal life support in neonatal cardiac patients. Perfusion 1997;12:179-186.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  84. McMahon AM, van Doorn C, Burch M, Whitmore P, Neligan S, Rees P, Radley-Smith R, Goldman A, Brown K, Cohen G, Tsang V, Elliott M, de Leval MR. Improved early outcome for end-stage dilated cardiomyopathy in children. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2003;126:1781-1787.[CrossRef][Medline]
  85. Morris MC, Wernovsky G, Nadkarni VM. Survival outcomes after extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation instituted during active chest compressions following refractory in-hospital pediatric cardiac arrest. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2004;5:440-446.[CrossRef][Medline]
  86. Phillips SJ. Resuscitation for cardiogenic shock with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation systems. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1994;6:131-135.[Medline]
  87. Ravishankar C, Dominguez TE, Kreutzer J, Wernovsky G, Marino BS, Godinez R, Priestley MA, Gruber PJ, Gaynor WJ, Nicolson SC, Spray TL, Tabbutt S. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation after stage I reconstruction for hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2006;7:319-323.[CrossRef][Medline]
  88. Reedy JE, Swartz MT, Raithel SC, Szukalski EA, Pennington DG. Mechanical cardiopulmonary support for refractory cardiogenic shock. Heart Lung 1990;19:514-523.[Medline]
  89. Sasako Y, Nakatani T, Nonogi H, Miyazaki S, Kito Y, Takano H, Kawashima Y. Clinical experience of percutaneous cardiopulmonary support. Artif Organs 1996;20:733-736.[Medline]
  90. Shah SA, Shankar V, Churchwell KB, Taylor MB, Scott BP, Bartilson R, Byrne DW, Christian KG, Drinkwater DC. Clinical outcomes of 84 children with congenital heart disease managed with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation after cardiac surgery. ASAIO J 2005;51:504-507.[CrossRef][Medline]
  91. Trittenwein G, Golej J, Burda G, Hermon M, Marx M, Wollenek G, Pansi H, Trittenwein H, Pollak A. Neonatal and pediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation using nonocclusive blood pumps: the Vienna experience. Artif Organs 2001;25:994-999.[CrossRef][Medline]
  92. Wang SS, Ko WJ, Chen YS, Hsu RB, Chou NK, Chu SH. Mechanical bridge with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and ventricular assist device to heart transplantation. Artif Organs 2001;25:599-602.[CrossRef][Medline]
  93. Wilson JM, Fauza DO, Lund DP, Benacerraf BR, Hendren WH. Antenatal diagnosis of isolated congenital diaphragmatic hernia is not an indicator of outcome. J Pediatr Surg 1994;29:815-819.[CrossRef][Medline]
  94. Yamamoto LG, Young LL. Acute-onset dysrhythmia heralding fulminant myocarditis and refractory cardiac arrest treated with ED cardiopulmonary bypass and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Am J Emerg Med 2007;25:348-352.[CrossRef][Medline]
  95. Lau J, Ioannidis JP, Schmid CH. Summing up evidence: one answer is not always enough. Lancet 1998;351:123-127.[CrossRef][Medline]
  96. ECLS Registry Report. International Summary. Ann Arbor, MI 2007.
  97. Reis AG, Nadkarni V, Perondi MB, Grisi S, Berg RA. A prospective investigation into the epidemiology of in-hospital pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation using the international Utstein reporting style. Pediatrics 2002;109:200-209.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  98. Lopez-Herce J, Garcia C, Dominguez P, Carrillo A, Rodriguez-Nunez A, Calvo C, Delgado MA. Characteristics and outcome of cardiorespiratory arrest in children. Resuscitation 2004;63:311-320.[CrossRef][Medline]
  99. Meaney PA, Nadkarni VM, Cook EF, Testa M, Helfaer M, Kaye W, Larkin GL, Berg RA. Higher survival rates among younger patients after pediatric intensive care unit cardiac arrests. Pediatrics 2006;118:2424-2433.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  100. Parra DA, Totapally BR, Zahn E, Jacobs J, Aldousany A, Burke RP, Chang AC. Outcome of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a pediatric cardiac intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 2000;28:3296-3300.[CrossRef][Medline]
  101. Slonim AD, Patel KM, Ruttimann UE, Pollack MM. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation in pediatric intensive care units. Crit Care Med 1997;25:1951-1955.[CrossRef][Medline]
  102. Suominen P, Olkkola KT, Voipio V, Korpela R, Palo R, Rasanen J. Utstein style reporting of in-hospital paediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 2000;45:17-25.[CrossRef][Medline]
  103. Zaritsky A, Nadkarni V, Getson P, Kuehl K. CPR in children. Ann Emerg Med 1987;16:1107-1111.[CrossRef][Medline]
  104. Nadkarni VM, Larkin GL, Peberdy MA, Carey SM, Kaye W, Mancini ME, Nichol G, Lane-Truitt T, Potts J, Ornato JP, Berg RA. First documented rhythm and clinical outcome from in-hospital cardiac arrest among children and adults. JAMA 2006;295:50-57.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  105. Zaritsky A, Nadkarni V, Hazinski MF, Foltin G, Quan L, Wright J, Fiser D, Zideman D, O’Malley P, Chameides L. Recommended guidelines for uniform reporting of pediatric advanced life support: the Pediatric Utstein Style. A statement for healthcare professionals from a task force of the American Academy of Pediatrics, the American Heart Association, and the European Resuscitation Council. Resuscitation 1995;30:95-115.[CrossRef][Medline]
  106. Tibballs J, Kinney S. A prospective study of outcome of in-patient paediatric cardiopulmonary arrest. Resuscitation 2006;71:310-318.[CrossRef][Medline]



This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 SEMIN CARDIOTHORAC VASC ANESTHHome page
D. T. Haile and G. J. Schears
Optimal Time for Initiating Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation
Seminars in Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia, September 1, 2009; 13(3): 146 - 153.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg.Home page
L. K. von Segesser
Post-cardiac surgery arrest: what to do in the ICU (intensive care unit)
Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., July 1, 2009; 36(1): 1 - 2.
[Full Text] [PDF]

This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to Personal Folders
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow Author home page(s):
Marcelo G. Cardarelli
Right arrow Permission Requests
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Tajik, M.
Right arrow Articles by Cardarelli, M. G.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Tajik, M.
Right arrow Articles by Cardarelli, M. G.
Related Collections
Right arrow Mechanical Circulatory Assistance

HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
ANN THORAC SURG ASIAN CARDIOVASC THORAC ANN EUR J CARDIOTHORAC SURG
J THORAC CARDIOVASC SURG ICVTS ALL CTSNet JOURNALS